George Orwells Picture Of Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1983 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: 1984 Essay Did you like this example? George Orwell, is a novelist, who is famous for his novel Nineteen Eighty-four. The novel 1984 is about a dystopian society that tells the story of Winston Smith and how is tries to rebel against the totalitarian state in which he lives. A dystopian novel is a society that is as dehumanizing and is uncomfortable to all that live in it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "George Orwells Picture Of Society" essay for you Create order Orwell wrote 1984 to warn society about what would happen if we accept totalitarian governments into society. In comparison to the soviet union the book 1984 mimicked some ideas from Joseph stalin such as: torture, censorship and propaganda, a big political figure, Vaporizing or killing, and the secret police. Joseph Stalin started a campaign called the Great Purge or as some like to call it The Great Terror. This campaigns main motive was to all members of the communist party. More than millions were sent to labor camps and thousands were killed. During the great purge the began a thing called the moscow trials. The moscow trails were where those who were accused do being a traitor and spies were forced into confessing after being tortured and interrogated. Stalins terror and torture ultimately made everyone bow down to him. Similarly in 1984 acts of terror and torture were used to run Big Brothers dictatorship. The use of torture is direct parallel to the soviet union because In 1984 winston cried out to O’brien. â€Å"Do anything to me!† he yelled. Youve been starving me for weeks. Finish it off and let me die. Shoot me. Hang me. Sentence me to twenty-five years. Is there somebody else you want me to give away? Just say who it is and I’ll tell you anything you want. I dont care who it is or what you do to them.†(pg 236-237). While in the interrogation room winston stated that â€Å"there were five or six men in black uniforms at him simultaneously. Sometimes it was fists, sometimes it was truncheons, sometimes it was steel rods, and sometimes it was boots†¦.There were other times when he started out with the resolve of confessing nothing, when every word had to be forced out of him between gasps of pain†(pg 240). In the soviet union the torture they went through were called , â€Å"The trials, which became known as the Moscow Trials, were clearly staged events. The accused admitted to being traitors and spies. Later, historians learned that the defendants agreed to these forced confessions only after being interrogated, threatened and tortured.†(history.com). Also,â€Å"Stalin’s acts of terror and torture broke the Soviet people’s spirits and effectively eliminated certain groups of citizens, such as intellectuals and artists. His reign as dictator also made his people completely dependent on the state.†(history.com). In the book winston, â€Å" did not know whether the thing was really happening, or whether the effect was electrically produced, but his body was being wrenched out of shape, the joints were being slow torn apart†¦ he set his teeth and breathed hard through his nose, trying to keep silent.. â€Å" you are afraid† said O’brien†¦ â€Å"that in any moment something is going to break†( pg 245). In the book the ministry of love was a building where people got tortured until they believed in big brother. It enforces loyalty to Big Brother through fear. Similar to the Soviet Union they they were tortured and brought to their lowest until they couldn’t helped themselves and they were helpless. The torture influenced anyone who went through it to do anything. In the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin used censorship and propaganda to keep control of his citizens. To make sure revolts didnt happen â€Å"Stalin made sure that his regime was not criticised by having his close friends run the press.† also, â€Å" he had history books rewritten to put him in favourable light †¦.He even had himself credited as the brains behind the reform of Russias economic condition during Lenins rule.†(sahistory). Because Stalin had control over the books and textbooks it gave him control over the youth. Later youth groups started popping up that train children in socialism and they were lead to believe that stalin is god like. In the soviet union,stalin used the cult of personality, As a way to hold Stalin to a higher pedestal than god. He wanted to make sure that anyone who doubted him was killed. He didn’t erase peoples memory He rewrote history in his favor. The use of censorship and propaganda is a direct parallel to 1984 because in the book Winston said â€Å"if all records told the same tale then the lie passed into history and became truth. Who controls the past, ran the Party slogan, controls the future: who controls the present controls the past. †¦..Whatever was true now was true from everlasting to everlasting. †¦.All that was needed was an unending series of victories over your own memory. Reality control, they called it: in Newspeak, doublethink. (1.3.18). Winstons jobs consisted of â€Å" continuous alteration †¦.. to every kind of literature or documentation which might conceivably hold any political or ideological significance.† (1.4.8). In soviet union and INGSOC use censorship and propaganda in different ways to come out with the same result. In 1984, the work Winston does is to make the Party’s seem eternal and inevitable, by erasing any evidence of mistakes, poor decisions, and opportunities for the Party’s actions to be criticized. Because of that it confuses the citizens and to make them doubt their own memory. Also, the Party also disrupts personal loyalties to anything other than the party. The downfall of being a dictator is not knowing who is following the rules at all times without having an inside man or group. Stalin ruled by terror and with a totalitarian grip in order to eliminate anyone who might oppose him. He expanded the powers of the secret police, encouraged citizens to spy on one another and had millions of people killed or sent to the Gulag system of forced labor camps. Joseph Stalin was notorious for seeking out people who opposed him and killing them. â€Å"In 1934, it became known as the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs, which in Russian is abbreviated to NKVD. The main purpose of the NKVD was national security, and they made sure their presence was well known. People were arrested and sent to work camps for the most mundane things. Individuals would report on their friends and neighbors because they feared that the NKVD would come for them if they did not report suspicious activity.† (crime museum). â€Å"Stalin ruled by terror and with a totalitarian grip in order to eliminate anyone who might oppose him. He expanded the powers of the secret police, encouraged citizens to spy on one another and had millions of people killed or sent to the Gulag system of forced labor camps.† (History.com). Similarly in 1984 Big brother knew he couldnt control everything and so he rallied up two groups. One was the thought Police. In the book Winston says that â€Å"The thought police would get him just the same. He had committedwould have committed, even if he had never set pen to paperthe essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed forever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they were bound to get you. [Book 1, Chapter 1] A big political figure is important in this type of society because it gives the rest of the society something to believe. In 1984 â€Å"Just like a tyrant, a despot, a god, or a dictator, big brother demands complete obedience to his rules and laws† (enotes).The black mustachioed face gazed down from every commanding corner. There was one on the house-front immediately opposite. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption said, while the dark eyes looked deep into Winstons own. Down at street level another poster, torn at one corner, flapped fitfully in the wind, alternately covering and uncovering the single word INGSOC. (1.1.4). In 1984 big brother wanted their only to be love in his peoples hearts for only him so he outlawed sexual intercourse and relationships because that showed that you love someone other than him. While big brother was never an actual figure it meant something, Big brother is used â€Å"when you talk about dictators and their authoritarian governments, or to describe abusive intrusions of more democratic governments into their citizens privacy.†(vocabulary). The basic meaning of big brother is a dictator. In the soviet union Joseph Stalin was a modern day big brother. â€Å"Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign..† (History). Joseph Stalin ruled over his people by putting fear in their hearts. So tha t if theyll never disobey him so he would have a problem with revolts .By having a powerful political figure your showing that their power is unmovable and can’t be terminated. They are viewed as all knowing and if you don’t follow them then you’re wrong and get punished. Both big brother and Stalin made others disappear or vaporized according to George Orwell for disobeying the political figure. â€Å"Stalin had eliminated all likely potential opposition to his leadership by late 1934 and was the unchallenged leader of both party and state. Nevertheless, he proceeded to purge the party rank and file and to terrorize the entire country with widespread arrests and executions. Stalin ruled as absolute dictator of the Soviet Union throughout World War II and until his death in March 1953.†(loc). One of the things Stalin did was â€Å"Not only in such things as the faked public trials, the disappearance of leading figures, of writers, of physicists, even of astronomers, but in the invention of a factually non-existent society†.(Guardian). Stalin made sure he made others that wanted to run against him â€Å"disappear† by killing them to make sure he stayed in power. To further prevent revolts he killed off those he denied that he was god by having purges to put fear in anyone who thought about disobeying him. In 1984 the act of making someone â€Å"disappear† was called vaporizing winston said that People simply disappeared, always during the night. Your name was removed from the registers, every record of everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one-time existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated:vaporized was the usual word†(Chapter 1). He also said that The diary would be reduced to ashes and himself to vapour. Only the Thought Police would read what he had written, before they wiped it out of existence and out of memory. How could you make appeal to the future when not a trace of you, not even an anonymous word scribbled on a piece of paper, could physically survive? [Book 1, Chapter 2]. Big brother ultimately made others disappear before they could uncover any secrets that could destroy the party. When you were vaporized people remember you but that delete evidence that you were evening living, so when the the new generation came you wouldnt even be remember. This was one of big brother tactics to insure absolute control. Orwell wrote 1984 to show us that society like what he wrote already has happened and can happen again. He compared The Soviet Union and the book 1984 through five comparisons: torture, censorship and propaganda, a big political figure, Vaporizing or killing , and the secret police. While there are other comparisons such as superstates and the party they represent there are other dystopian society that have already happened such as hitler. He used the Joseph Stalins rule over russia to show the comparisons of things that can happen if we dont heed his warning.

Constitutional Amendment Essay - 1170 Words

To amend the constitution, various steps and procedures must be taken. When either Congress (which takes a two-thirds majority vote in both the Senate and the House of Representatives), or a constitutional convention (which takes two-thirds of the State legislatures) want to propose an amendment, they give it to the National Archives and Records Administration. The Congress proposes the amendment as a joint resolution to the National Archives and Records Administrations Office of the Federal Register for the publication process. The Office of the Federal Register adds legislative notes to the joint resolution and publishes it in slip law format. The Office of the Federal Register also puts together an information package for the States†¦show more content†¦Since the constitutions ratification, there have been 6 proposed amendments that have failed. The Equal Rights Amendment; first proposed by the National Womens Party in congress in 1923, was sent to the states in March 1972 and was the second amendment to fail at being ratified. Originally the deadline to pass or fail the amendment was 7 years, but that was extended to ten years. The final deadline was on June 30, 1982. It was meant to equalize men and women’s rights and it goes as follows: â€Å"Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.† One other amendment like the Equal Rights Amendment was the Lucretia Mott Amendment† proposed by Alice Paul in 1923 at the Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention which read: Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction† and the Alice Paul Amendment written by Alice Paul in 1943. The amendment was eventually passed but in the form of the 19th amendment. When the constitution wasShow MoreRelatedA Critical Analysis Of Zia Akhtar s Article Aboriginal Determination863 Words   |  4 Pagesalternative to constitutional recognition. Though, a reform of the constitution itself will only yield a partial resolution for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders – due to its symbolic nature. 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“Everyday Use ” Summary by Alice Walker Free Essays

â€Å"Everyday Use† In â€Å"Everyday Use†, author, Alice Walker uses the backdrop of a small town family using characters Maggie and Dee and Mama to symbolize the dynamics of the greater African American color, educational and class struggle in America. She uses the family because it is an institution that every reader can identify with. This is a story of what it really means to â€Å"make it† in the Black family and Black community. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Everyday Use † Summary by Alice Walker or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mama typifies the single parent who is functioning in the dual role of mother and father. Walker makes no mention of Dee and Maggie’s father in the story but rather characterizes Mama as a â€Å"big-boned woman with man-working hands†(1) and gives Mama all the physical qualities and skills of a man but embodied in a woman. Mama can slaughter and prepare hogs and bull calves; she can bust up blocks of ice to get the water needed in the house for washing. And she can do all of these things as â€Å"mercilessly as a man†(1). From the beginning of the story, Mama’s character takes on the strength and hardness of presencenormally represented in a man. With Mama, the author shows the daily struggles and assimilation of the dual role that single mothers must embody on a daily basis inthe absence of a father figure. The outward display of Mama’s strength is a foreshadowing of the strength that she will have to summon at the end of the story when she must ultimately decide which daughter will receive the quilts. Mama’s children, Dee and Maggie have their own set of paradoxical differences which are juxtaposed against each other not unlike their mother. There is the conflict of light skinned versus darker skinned; well spoken and educated versus reticent and ignorant. A shapely body with perfect feet versus a skinny and badly burned girl with no style. Brazen and head strong versus cowering and confused. Dee and Maggie are polar opposites of each other, with all of the positive attributes in the favor of the older sister, Dee. The author is illustrating how society has createsa disparity in the Black community with Dee and Maggie. Dee represents the portion of Black America that has tried to â€Å"make it† but has not leant a helping hand down to the people who have paid the way to make it possible for them to succeed in society and to get an education. Dee has forgotten about all of the sacrifices Mama and Maggie have made which have allowed her to enjoy the benefits of her Neo-African-Islamic renaissance. It was Mama and Maggie who took part in raising money for Dee to live out her dream. Dee is symbolic of that portion small portion of society that refuses to both acknowledge and to give back to their families and communities. The only message that they can ever seem to offer is one of criticism and blame. The most vivid imagery of this is when the first house burns down; Dee is the only one who has made it outside safely. She does not yell for help or try to ensure the safety of her mother and sister. She is transfixed on the flames and is seemingly hoping for the house and all of its inhabitants to be consumed as well. Dee stands out in the safety of the sweet gum tree while her mother and sister literally have to run for their lives. Walker shows us the paradox of a person who, having obtained safety, will not extend concern for similar struggles that will be shared by the family. The fire in the previous house beat Maggie’s spirit down. The fire represents the world having beat Maggie because she was not Dee. Neither Maggie nor Mama had the good fortune to be of a fairer complexion like Dee. Maggie already had one strike against her by being dark, which would be made worse by being scarred by her environment (the house fire). Maggie has accepted that she is not bright like Dee and has resigned herself to her mundane life of poverty. She is ashamed of her scars and life experience so she cowers in the presence of strength and in the cruelty of society. Maggie’s natural inclination is to acquiesce. She realizes that she is no match for the likes of Dee and so she concedes the quilts that Mama has promised her to Dee. Neither Dee nor Mama has realized that Maggie does have something to offer to the world. She has a capability and intelligence that are all her own. It is Maggie who knows the family history: she knew the name of Big Dee’s first husband, Stash and that he had whittled the butter dash(3); she made the observation that Dee has never had any friends; she has learned the art of family preservation through quilting with Grandma Dee and Big Dee. â€Å"Maggie knows how to quilt†(4). Maggie’s resourcefulness and knowledge are never acknowledged in the presence of Dee. She can never shine quite as bright as Dee can. Society will never fully lay credit to all that Maggie can offer to the world because Maggie does not look like a person of value should look to us. Alice Walker has raised some challenging issues for us to ponder. How is value both assessed and ascribed? Does skin complexion still both afford some and exclude others from certain opportunities? Walker uses the most protected place on earth, the family structure, to show what some may be afraid to see within ourselves and in our society. How to cite â€Å"Everyday Use † Summary by Alice Walker, Essay examples

Investigation of Stakeholder Analysis Theory †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Investigation of Stakeholder Analysis Theory. Answer: Introduction: This chapter provides a brief introduction and outline of the research study. The research background and the problem statement shall also be provided in this chapter along with the aims, objectives and research questions. The study shall emphasize upon the management of the project stakeholders in context of municipality environment in South Africa. The stakeholders involved herein include the rate payers, the Government of the country and the private sector. The construction and maintenance of the roads is looked after by the municipalities and the finance is obtained in the form of taxes paid by the countrymen and the funds raised from the private sector while the entire process is governed by the Government of South Africa. Proper road facilities are necessary for facilitating the interaction between the countrymen and the exchange of goods and services. Well- connected roads are necessary for the economic growth of a nation as it helps in the easy transportation of goods. The capital projects of road infrastructure in South Africa are managed by National and Provincial Government through Department of Transport and SANRAL (South African National Road Agency Limited) however; the municipality mainl y handles the maintenance and road expansion projects. The project stakeholders are affected by the success or failure of a project and also have the capability to drive a project towards success or failure. In case of construction projects, the stakeholders are those individuals or group of individuals who have their interest or some form of ownership in the projects and contribute either their skills and knowledge or monetary support in the project. Effective stakeholder management helps in the formation of cordial relations with the stakeholders by understanding and managing the expectations of the stakeholders (Maylor, Blackmon and Huemann 2016). Engaging stakeholders is often a challenging task to manage the stakeholders on a regular basis. It is necessary to know the expectations of the stakeholders and fulfill their expectations by involving them in the important processes. It is important to know the manner in which the different stakeholders shall be involved in the organizational processes or projects. It is necessary to establish proper communication with the stakeholders and keep them informed about the important facts and decisions in order to keep them satisfied. To know what is importance of management of project stakeholders in public projects To understand the role of municipality of South Africa in the construction and maintenance of roads To identify the different stakeholders involved in the project To identify the ways in which the stakeholders involved in the project can be managed in order to ensure success of the project What is importance of management of project stakeholders in public projects? What is the role of municipality of South Africa in the expansion and maintenance of roads? Who are the stakeholders involved in the project? How can the stakeholders involved in the project managed in order to ensure success of the project? Problem statement: The municipality in South Africa is facing several challenges in terms of rehabilitation of the road networks. The issues faced by the Government are in terms of lack of human capital, outdated equipments, high rate of employee turnover and lack of finance (Marks and Trapido 2014). The report addresses the issues related to the management of project stakeholders while addressing the issues of good practices. A proper well- connected road system is necessary for the growth and development of South Africa, which would involve proper stakeholder management. The research paper comprises of five chapters. The first chapter comprises ofvthe introductory part, which includes the background of the study, research aims, objectives, questions and the problem statement. The second chapter comprises of the literature review wherein the theories, models and concepts pertaining to the research topic are explained in detail. The third chapter consists of the research methodology that provides a systematic outline to the researcher according to which he or she conducts the research. This chapter contains the research philosophy, data collection methods, sampling methods, ethical issues and limitations of the research study. The fourth chapter comprises of the findings and analysis. The findings can be obtained either from primary sources or secondary sources or both. The last or fifth chapter comprises of the conclusion part wherein the summary of the entire research process is mentioned. This section comprises of the relevant theories, concepts and models related to the research topic. This section contains the academic evidences related to management of project stakeholders in context of Municipality environment. Socio- economic conditions of South Africa: According to Marais (2013), the socio- economic conditions of South Africa have not been in the favor of the nation over the past few years. The country has witnessed low growth rate over the past few years, which has affected the development of the country. The country has been facing several issues such as weak consumer demand, fall in the business investments and unfavorable climatic conditions like drought over the past few years. The production of power has improved in the country but the development of the country has been adversely affected due to lack of proper infrastructural facilities and excessive costs of raw materials. The slow or rather stagnant economy of the country has raised the number of unemployment in the country. This has resulted in the widening of income inequality gaps among the countrymen. However, the regional integration has provided ample opportunities to the country but the sub- regions in the country have not been much advanced (Baker, Newell and Phill ips 2014). The country has huge growth potential but still the economic integration remains below the mark. The entrepreneurial activities in the nation remain low and it is necessary to boost entrepreneurship in the country in order to improve the socio- economic conditions of the country. According to Marks and Trapido (2014), the slow growth rate of the economy has created difficulties for the establishment of new businesses. In addition, the issue of red tape has been a major difficulty in setting up a new business in the area (Walker 2015). The improper quality of education in the country has resulted in lack of knowledgeable and experienced entrepreneurs. In order to encourage entrepreneurship within the country, the government is required to offer financial and non- financial help to the entrepreneurs. The macroeconomic policies of the nation are usually constrained along with the limited fiscal space. The shortage of skills in the country has hampered the growth rate. The intra- regional trade has been low as compared to the other communities and the non- tariff barriers have been pervasive. Another major reason behind the slow growth rate of the country has been the weak trade and improper infrastructure. Red tape has been adding difficulties for the entreprene urs in South Africa since ages. According to Kerzner (2013), project refers to a set of activities or tasks that are to be carried out to meet some objective or set of objectives. A project usually have two parts namely technical and functional aspects. Projects can be undertaken by both private sector and public sector for obtaining benefits from the project. Project management refers to the application of appropriate skills and knowledge in the execution of the projects. Project management helps in driving a project towards the desired goals (Walker 2015). For this purpose, every project has one or more project managers who are responsible for planning, controlling, managing and directing the activities involved in a project. The project management involves sequence of activities such as initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, controlling and closing. Project management enables the project managers and the members involved in the project to ensure that they share similar vision regarding the objectives and t he ultimate goals of the project (Golini, Kalchschmidt, and Landoni 2015). According to Kelly, Male and Graham (2014), the projects initiated and governed by the Government of a nation are known as municipality or public projects. These projects may comprise of launching of a new product or service by the Government of a nation such as construction of new roads or initiating a road safety campaigns. These projects usually involve infrastructure projects that are financed and built by the government. These may include construction of roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, parks, railroads, dams, and several others. The public projects are usually long- term projects that require huge finance and human resource. Similarly, there are several projects initiated by the Governments of the nations to improve the socio- economic conditions of their respective nations (Inam et al. 2015). The public projects are usually initiated with the objective of the welfare of the common masses. The Government does not derive any quick benefits of profits from such projects but re ceive long- term benefits from such projects (Mir and Pinnington 2014). Stakeholder management: According to Weiss (2016), stakeholder refers to the group of individuals without whose support, an organization would cease to exist. Stakeholders are mainly those individuals or group of individuals who have the capability of affecting the success or failure of an organization or project. Stakeholder management refers to the management of the stakeholders in such a manner that the organization derives the maximum benefits from them. Stakeholder management is an important part of any project or activity. However, project stakeholders are those individuals or group of individuals who are actively involved in a project and take active participation in the project activities (Mok, Shen and Yang 2015). According to Fassin et al. (2017), the project stakeholders are affected by the success or failure of a project and also have the capability to drive a project towards success or failure. In case of construction projects, the stakeholders are those individuals or group of individuals who have their interest or some form of ownership in the projects and contribute either their skills and knowledge or monetary support in the project. Effective stakeholder management helps in the formation of cordial relations with the stakeholders by understanding and managing the expectations of the stakeholders. Stakeholder management is a systematic procedure of managing the stakeholders that helps in achieving the objectives of the projects or activities in an efficient manner (De Brucker, Macharis and Verbeke 2013). According to Verbeke, and Tung (2013), stakeholders have a significant role in the success or failure of an organization or project. Stakeholders usually invest money or their skills and knowledge in an organization or project with the motive of obtaining benefits therein. The actions of the stakeholders help in determining the quality of decisions taken by the organizational managers or the project managers. Stakeholders may have the voting powers as well as certain decision- making powers. The stakeholders elect the management and the major business decisions are dependent upon the quality of decisions taken by the management. Therefore, the stakeholders indirectly influence the decision- making process within an organization or project (Fooks et al. 2013). Types of project stakeholders: According to Kazadi, Lievens and Mahr (2016), there are several stakeholders involved in a project. The top management includes the directors, president, division managers and the operating committees that are usually involved in the process of strategy formulation. The top management is usually responsible for developing in- depth plans and approving plan designs formulated by the other project members. The other team members are required to report the project status to the top management. It is necessary to keep the top management informed regarding the risks involved in the projects and their impacts on the project. Another major stakeholder in a project is the project team (Garca-Nieto et al. 2015). According to Abidin (2015), the project team comprises of the individuals who are involved in the activities of the project. They can be both full time and part time employees. The project team is usually headed by a project manager, who directs them towards the achievement of the objectives of the project. The project manager is responsible for guiding the project members and solving their issues. Other stakeholders are the peers, who work at the similar designations within an organization. Resource managers are the ones who borrow resources and manage them. These resources can be both in terms of financial resources and human resources. The internal customers are those people within an organization, who are the customers and their demands are met internally. External customers are those people who do not belong to the organization but derive benefits from using the products or services obtained from the projects. The government is also an important project stakeholder as the projec ts managers are required to deal with several government regulators and the government has the great powers to influence the projects. The contractors and suppliers provide raw materials and human resources to the project managers that help in improving the quality of work and reducing the wastages. The other stakeholders involve creditors, community and trade unions (Hammerschmid, Van de Walle and Stimac 2013). Stakeholder identification and analysis: According to Missonier and Loufrani-Fedida (2014), stakeholder identification and analysis involves identifying the stakeholders involved in a particular project and analyzing the data that indicates the level of involvement, influence and impact they might have on the success of a project. The results obtained from this process are documented in a Project Stakeholder register. This register is constantly updated throughout the life cycle of the project and contains complete information to identify and analyze the project stakeholders. It helps in formulating the stakeholder engagement strategies. The actions of the stakeholders help in determining the quality of decisions taken by the organizational managers or the project managers. Stakeholders may have the voting powers as well as certain decision- making powers. There are basically two types of stakeholders namely internal stakeholders and external stakeholders (Yang 2014). The internal stakeholders comprise of the project owners , management team, employees, creditors, suppliers and the client organizations. The external stakeholders comprises of the government, political organizations, social organizations, local communities, media, trade and industry, residents, interest groups and the general public. Both the internal and the external stakeholders have considerable impacts on the success or failure of an organization or project (Lawrence and Weber 2014). According to Ayuso et al. (2014), stakeholder engagement refers to the process wherein the organizations involve the individuals or group of individuals, who are influenced or can influence the decision- making process within an organization or project. Stakeholder engagement is related with the stakeholder identification and analysis process. Stakeholder engagement involves several approaches such as pull communication, push communication, partnership, participation and consultation. Engaging stakeholders is often a challenging task to manage the stakeholders on a regular basis. It is necessary to know the expectations of the stakeholders and fulfill their expectations by involving them in the important processes. It is important to know the manner in which the different stakeholders shall be involved in the organizational processes or projects. It is necessary to establish proper communication with the stakeholders and keep them informed about the important facts and decisions in o rder to keep them satisfied. Stakeholder engagement in South Africa: According to Kovacs et al. (2015), in South Africa there are two legislated systems namely IDP ((Integrated Developmental Plan) and SDBIP (Service Delivery Bid Implementation Plan). Stakeholder engagement is an important part of public projects in South Africa. The public projects usually involve construction of roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, parks, railroads, dams, and several others, which is not possible without engaging the stakeholders involved. These projects affect the common masses who are not even directly involved in the project. The support of the local communities and the other stakeholders are essential for the success of a public project. Therefore, the Government of South Africa ensures proper communication and involvement of the people who are directly or indirectly affected by the projects (Sierra?Garca, Zorio?Grima and Garca?Benau 2015). According to Mackey and Gass (2015), research methodology refers to the way of conducting the research study. This involves following a particular set of steps in order to obtain the desired results that satisfy the research aims and objectives. Research methodology provides a proper outline to the researcher that guides the researcher throughout the research process. Every step of the research methodology is important to follow in order to find correct answers of the research questions. The researcher shall choose an appropriate research philosophy in order to assess the issues related to the management of project stakeholders and the importance of stakeholder engagement in the success or failure of a project. There are basically three types of research philosophies namely positivism, interpretivism and pragmatism. Positivism refers to the philosophy that is dependent upon the quantifiable observations that helps in conducting appropriate statical analysis. Positivism restricts the researcher during the process of data collection and interpretation and focuses the researcher towards the research objectives. On the contrary, interpretivism enables the researchers to utilize the perspectives of others with respect to the research topic. Therefore, interpretivism helps the researcher in studying the human perspectives rather than mere scientific perspective. On the other hand pragmatism is a mixture of both positivism and interpretivism philosophies (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Research approach: According to Glesne (2015), the most widely used research approaches are inductive approach and deductive approach. Deductive approach is the one that enables a researcher to develop a hypothesis on the basis of past theories and concepts. Therefore, this approach focuses upon available literatures and theories. On the contrary, in case of inductive approach, emphasizes more upon developing new approaches and concepts, which are based upon the observations of the researcher. As a consequence, many a times the focus of the researcher moves from the research questions to the observations. Therefore, the researcher shall emphasize upon deductive approach in order to maintain the focus upon the research objectives and questions (Brinkmann 2014). There are mainly three types of research designs. The following are the three types of research designs: Exploratory Explanatory Descriptive According to Flick (2015), exploratory design refers to the research design wherein the researcher is able to examine the hypothesis and the research objectives and questions. It enables the researcher to relate the topics and theories with the research topic. On the other hand, exploratory design enables the the researchers to explain the causes behind a particular phenomenon. It helps the researchers to predict future happenings in relation with the research topic. Lastly, descriptive research study is a mixture of both exploratory and explanatory research designs. It emphasizes upon the description of the entire population by collecting the appropriate data. It is the most popularly utilized design due to its dual characteristics. Data collection process: There are basically two types of data collection methods. The following are the two types of data collection methods: Primary data collection process Secondary data collection process. According to Silverman (2016), primary data collection process refers to the technique wherein the researcher obtains data from primary sources of information such as interviews and surveys. Collection of primary data involves establishing direct contact with the respondents. On the contrary, secondary data collection process refers to the technique wherein the researcher obtains data from secondary sources such as books, journals, internets, magazines and newspapers. In this process, the researcher is required to emphasize upon the authenticity of the secondary sources used by him or her. This process does not require the researcher to establish direct contacts with the respondents. It is based upon the primary data collected by some other researchers previously, which are easily available and accessible. In this particular research study, the researcher shall be using both primary and secondary data as the data shall be easily available. Sampling method: Sampling method refers to the selection of appropriate respondents from among a large population. There are mainly two types of sampling methods. The following are the two types of sampling methods: Probability sampling method Non- probability sampling method According to Panneerselvam (2014), probability sampling refers to the sampling wherein every member of the population has equal chances of being selected as a sample population. On the contrary, non- probability sampling refers to the sampling wherein the researcher selects the sample population on the basis of some criterion. There are unequal chances of selection of the participants in this process. There are mainly two types of data analysis plan. They are as follows: Quantitative Data Analysis Qualitative Data Analysis Quantitative data analysis refers to the analysis wherein the research is conducted through questionnaire survey and involves a large number of respondents. It aids in improving the quality of products and services. On the contrary, qualitative data analysis refers to the analysis wherein a small number of respondents are involved. It usually involves interviews through which the researcher gains in depth knowledge about the views of the respondents (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Ethical consideration: A researcher is required to follow certain ethical considerations while conducting a research study. Ethical consideration are the consideration, which are compulsory to be followed by the researchers. The researchers are required to ensure that the data collected are safe and must also ensure that he or she shall not disclose any data obtained from any respondent without their consent. In addition, the researcher is also required to ensure that the identity of the respondents is kept confidential. The researcher is also prohibited to force any person to take part in the process of data collection. The respondents are required to participate in the survey willingly. Another major ethical consideration is that the researcher shall use the data obtained during the process only for academic purpose and not for any commercial purpose. Therefore, it is necessary for the researcher to follow the ethical considerations throughout the research study. There are several limitations, which a researcher comes across while conducting a research study. Usually the limitations faced by the researchers involve insufficiency of time and budget. The researcher might face limitations in terms of time and budget in this research process. 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