How does adolescence mark a change in thinking and experience? Essay

Inherent in the study of human behavior is the basic comprehension towards the life cycle. This life cycle appreciates the stages which every human being shall pass beginning at birth and ending in death. With these views, theories are made with the three major assumptions in mind: First the essential premise to the varieties of life cycle theories proposes that there is a sequential order of development that is successive and clearly defined. Second is the assumption that each individual stage or period comprises of events or crises that need to be resolved for the development to progress in a smooth manner. This is termed as the epigenetic principle. Whenever an individual fails to attain a resolution to a particular crisis or event, the subsequent periods will manifest that failure in such modes as the individual’s cognitive, physical, social and emotional maladaptive behavior. Thirdly, while these stages occur in sequence and contain events or crises that the individual needs to resolve, each stage however, reflects a â€Å"crisis point’ that makes each phase distinct from either of its preceding and succeeding stages. ~Nature and significance of the study Erikson is a key figure in the study of developmental psychology. He is instrumental with the current understanding of the different stages of a human life span. This research work is a product of the attempt to expand on the understanding of Erikson’s major work with the integration of several others who are instrumental to a more updated and comprehensive appreciation of the changes and growth that proceed to the development of an adult personality specifically focusing on his emotional and social maturity. Discussion Perspectives in psychology and philosophy in general, are developed to help explain and shed light on various human behaviors that not only boggle and are difficult to understand. There are controversies that ensue and these also make interventions difficult at the same time. Development does not end once a person reaches maturity, but continues throughout life. Developmental psychologists seek to describe ad analyze the regularities of human development across the entire life span. It focuses primarily on these aspects of development that make us similar to one another. In order to thoroughly appreciate the changes that are happening to a young person specifically pertaining to the social and emotional aspects, the following discussion of the theoretical perspectives are undertaken. Erikson’s psychosocial stages: Adolescence & Early Adulthood Erikson identified the period of adolescence with a corresponding challenge to achieve a sense of identity. Adolescents need to leave behind the carefree, irresponsible, and impulsive behaviors of childhood and to develop the more purposeful, responsible, planned behaviors of adults. If the individual is successful in making this change, he will develop a sense of confidence and a positive identity. If he is unsuccessful, he will experience role confusion, which will result in low self-esteem and become socially withdrawn. This concept assumes that in general, children will progress towards adolescence with the all-important development of establishing his identity and those problems that normally are encountered around this stage basically are related around the individual’s search for identity. Identity formation is essentially known to be identified with the period of adolescence. However, even Erikson admitted that adolescence sometimes is prolonged or takes longer years of the â€Å"extended identity exploration,† Arnett noted. Social and physical development affecting the expansion and constriction of their world from infancy through older adulthood Social and physical development during the stage of infancy constricts the infant’s life because of the child’s inability to walk yet as well as their inability to associate well because of immature brain development which lasts until the person reaches the age at approximately 20 years old. Understandably social and physical developments start to increase during childhood, adolescence and middle adulthood in contrast to the infant. However, starting when the child reaches childhood, his/her world starts to increasingly expand as his motor skills develop and physical capability enhances. This goes on in largely intensified and greater results when the child enters the adolescent period until the person reaches the senior years and pace is affected considerably. The person’s social world constricts primarily because the physical limitations understandably inhibit the person and consequently isolates the person. Older adulthood similarly possesses the same characteristics of that of an infant and toddler because the genes dictate when these traits start to emerge. The concept of Growth goals In the study by Bauer and McAdams, these activities and behavior reflect the growth goals, both intrinsic and exploratory, that are necessary for them to develop eventually. This is called peer pressure and although many children pretend to keep their cool, almost all of those who are at this developmental level have their share of frustrations from the influence of other individuals that surround them. Peer pressure is inevitably tied up with the differences of culture and beliefs and when a particular child or young person emerges with the understanding that these experiences are necessary for them to ultimately be enabled to face many more troubles to come. It cannot be underestimated. Because of the major biological changes that their bodies go through, they tend to be flooded with overwhelming emotions that at most times make them confused. These biological changes include the normal maturation or unfolding of genetic characteristics marking the start of puberty. Because of the hormonal changes accompanying puberty, the child’s moods and behavior are often affected. The issues that surround emerging young adult include the individual’s adaptation to his body’s biological changes, struggle for autonomy, and peer influence. These are some of the important concerns that an adolescent individual faces. Biological changes entail awareness of the transformation that is occurring in the person’s body. Since an adolescent is passing through a physiological transition, and because the transformation involves the appearance, this is a major concern for any adolescent. In the teen’s struggle for autonomy, there is a mounting tension between parents and children of adolescent age because the latter prefers to think that he/she is capable of a lot of things and are allowed a greater amount of liberties. However, this becomes a source of frustration and conflict by both parents and children due to the latter’s inconsistencies. Furthermore, the shift from parental influence to peer influence is one of the major changes both the parents and teenagers have difficulty facing. Implications According to Piaget, individuals at this stage have developed the ability to form â€Å"hypothetical-deductive reasoning. † Children think that they already have knowledge and some experience, and believe capable to think logically; able to judge certain matters well. Though this may be true, recent findings in brain research show that adolescent emotions overcome rationality or despite some existing facts that should also be weighed, their feelings override reasoning. Teenagers make rash decisions which may or may not harm him/herself. According to an explanation on Piaget’s formal operations stage, an individual may consider many possibilities in life, may be able to successfully handle crisis at most times, as well as analyze existing assumptions. In addition, a research done by Flavell, mentions the accumulation of experiences which may accordingly influence the decision making processes. For adolescents, decision-making capacity is more critical due to these important considerations. This is accentuated based on recent brain researches. Adolescents make rash decisions due to the interference of emotions in their reasoning process. Neurobiological experts suggest that the adolescents’ immature brain development may actually let emotions obstruct or â€Å"override reason†. This explains a lot why teens become very emotional inspite of the facts presented before them. If parents only become conscientious during the early formation or fundamental stages (birth to seven years old), they should continue to be there with their teens in the puberty years and help with the transition. Bibliography: Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen, 1998.Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context; Human Development 1998; 41:295–315 University of Maryland, College Park, Md. , USA Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen, Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of Development From the Late Teens Through the Twenties. University of Maryland College Park Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen, Kathleen D. Ramos, and Lene Arnett Jensen Ideological Views in Emerging Adulthood: Balancing Autonomy and Community Journal of Adult Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2001 Bauer, Jack J. , & Dan P. McAdams. 2004. Growth Goals, Maturity, and Well-Being. Developmental Psychology American Psychological Association, Inc. , Vol. 40, No. 1, 114–127 0012-1649/04/$12. 00 DOI: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 40. 1. 114 Berk, Laura. 2007. Development through the lifespan. (4th ed. ) New York: Allyn and Bacon. Eisenberg, Nancy, Ivanna K. Guthrie, Amanda Cumberland, Bridget C. Murphy, Stephanie A. Shepard, Qing Zhou, and Gustavo Carlo. 2001. PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES; Prosocial Development in Early Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study. Kaplan, Harold and Benjamin Saddock. 1991. Synopsis of Psychiatry: Bhavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychiatry. 6th ed. Williams & Wilkins. Luyckx, Koen, Luc Goossens, and Bart Soenens. 2006. A Developmental Contextual Perspective on Identity Construction in Emerging Adulthood: Change Dynamics in Commitment Formation and Commitment Evaluation, Developmental Psychology 2006 by the American Psychological Association. Vol. 42, No. 2, 366–380 0012-1649/06/$12. 00 DOI: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 42. 2. 366 Morris, Charles G. & Albert Maisto, 1999. Understanding Psychology. 4th ed. Prentice Hall,

Discuss evolutionary explanations of gender Essay

According to the evolutionary explanations of gender, the reasons behind gender roles and characteristics seen today is due to the passing down of genes through natural selection from our ancestors who were able to successfully survive and reproduce over 500,000 years ago. Natural selection is the process of physical and psychological traits being passed down from one generation to another due to it being advantageous to survival and reproduction. For example humans with a wider hand shape were able to toss spears better when hunting and therefore were able to successfully survive and reproduce resulting in humans today particularly men having larger and wider hands. A stem of natural selection is known as sexual selection. Sexual selection is the process of passing down traits both physical and psychological that are an advantage for attracting mates for reproduction. The evolutionary theory for gender believes that due to sexual selection gender behaviours, such as females being child-rearing and males being workers occur. From these processes, evolutionary psychologists developed the hunting hypothesis. The hunting hypothesis states that the men who were hunters during the evolutionary stages and were successful due to their strength, aggression and spatial skills were able to survive and pass on their genes. The weaker men who were less aggressive and had less spatial skills were unable to survive and reproduce meaning these genes died off thus resulting in men today being more aggressive, strong and having good spatial skills. As woman did not hunt and we more likely to be raising the children and caring for others, they were less aggressive, strong, and had less spatial skills. Instead woman during these days had better communicational skills and according to this theory, it is due to this that woman today are better at communicating than men and are usually also weaker and less aggressive. Another theory supported by evolutionary psychologists as an explanation for gender is known as the parental investment theory devised by Trivers (1972) which states that the differences in the investment in a child and future reproduction are due to evolutionary differences. For example, during the evolutionary ages men were likely to have sex with numerous women in order to successfully pass on their genes. Therefore these characteristics were passed down in natural selection and can be used to explain why men today tend to be far more promiscuous than women. In females, during the evolutionary ages woman searched and preferred men with good resources and genes for themselves and their offspring. Evolutionary psychologists and Trivers believe that this is the reason for woman today being less promiscuous and being more careful when selecting a mate. (AO2): Support for Trivers Parental Investment comes from research carried out by Buss (1989) who sampled 10,000 males and females from 33 different countries and asked what they looked for in a partner for marriage. Buss found that women said they look for ‘good financial reports’ in men and men said they look for ‘physical attractiveness’ and ‘younger females’. This supports Trivers theory as it provides evidence of woman placing an important on resources and men on physical attractiveness and young woman which may be in order for successful reproduction. Buss’s research was highly reliable due to the large sample used and various countries participating. This made the study generalizable to a wide population. Buss also used questionnaires in his study which was a good experimental method as it allowed the possibility of a large sample, however the use of questionnaires exposes the research to social desirability bias as the participants may have answered the questions falsely in order to appear acceptable. This matters because this could mean the results found many not be valid. Although the results provide a strong support for Trivers theory in explaining gender, the results given may not be a valid support, suggesting for research must be carried out in order to fully support Trivers theory of parental investment in explaining gender. Another supporting study comes from research carried out by psychologists in Lancaster University. They repeated the research carried out on Buss on a smaller sample using an online questionnaire with undergraduates and found that women chose wealth as the most important in a mate and men chose attractiveness. This supports the parental investment theory as it shows the evidence of the gender difference in men and women in terms of reproduction and commitment. This study is also highly reliable as the study can be easily repeated and provide the same results. However due to the study being carried on only undergraduates the results cannot be generalised to a wider population of older adults and elderly. This matters because although it provides evidence of the evolutionary approach of gender being seen today, we cannot be sure that the results given in this study was purely down to genetics rather than other factors such as individual differences. This suggests that more research must be carried out focusing on genetics in order to support Trivers theory as an explanation for gender. The evolutionary explanation of gender provides a valid approach to gender behaviours and characteristics which can be clearly seen today and supported in research. However this approach fails to consider other factors in gender such as psychological factors. For example women desiring men with wealth due to economic reasons such as less jobs, rather than the successful rearing of children. Also the evolutionary approach fails to provide an explanation for the promiscuity of women today or the men that do not want to have children. These situations are best explained by social approaches suggesting that a theory considering both genetics and social factors would be best in explaining gender.

Management in health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management in health care - Essay Example This report shocked health care experts and many organizational leaders are evaluating their health care delivery systems (Thweatt & Kleiner 2007). There is a call to health care experts to apply professional management approaches in health care provision. This paper covers the issue of management in healthcare. It highlights the role and importance of management in healthcare. It will give an insight on how to practice management and the problems that may be encountered in health care management. The research will look at two approaches, the scientific management approach and human relation management approach. It will show how each of the approaches is applied in running an organization. The research will also show how the two approaches are jointly applied in running an organization. A critical analysis of the two methods will show the similarities and differences between the two approaches of management. Drawing from an example of an institution that has applied a combination of the two approaches in management, we shall see if the approach is successful or not. The paper will conduct further analysis to show the implications of applying the two management approaches to health care service delivery. The analysis will focus on the people who work in health care service delivery organizations. This will help in finding out how these management approaches affect them in terms of problems they may face, benefits if any and possible suggestions on how to improve the strategies used to better suit the workers. The paper will also highlight the implications of the research to students who study public health. The primary role of management is to formulate policies, organize, plan, control and direct the resources of an organization so as to achieve the objectives of the policy. Management is defined as how an organization coordinates and organizes its activities in accordance to policies set so as to achieve the defined objectives of the

Aspects of interntional accounting & finance Essay

Aspects of interntional accounting & finance - Essay Example Around the world the names and formats of the additional information do very, but the actual information included is often of a similar nature.'' Use recent journals as source of information 2008/2009, these journals will be the main source of information, also use latest books as source of information as the tutor does not accept older sources of information. (2008/2009), and only official websites to be used as sources of information. Financial results are objective numerical yardsticks designed to simplify the assessment of financial strength and progress over a period of time (Hanna et al 2002). Indeed, the increase in academic papers emphasizing on the importance of corporate reporting and financial results of late seems to have outpaced following the Enron Accounting Scandal (Hanna et al 2002:496). According to Hensmans (2003), Adam Smith the founding father of Economics has long acknowledged the important role of financial reporting when he argued that, "the common sense basis of a prospering economy could only be provided by prudence" (Hensman 2003:563). According to Lev (2003), financial results serve as major inputs into investor's valuation models, affecting securities prices and in turn managers compensation and wealth. The figures from financial results are also being used by institutional investors to gauge enterprise performance and the quality of management (Lev 2003). The aim of this paper is analyse BP's 2005 through 2008 annual reports so as to assess the influence of

Intership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intership - Essay Example This report paper will seek to describe my experience, challenges, and recommendations in my tasks and responsibilities while serving at Second Harvest food Bank. Second Harvest is an organization that deals with strategies and programs targeting local hunger. It operates in San Mateo and Santa Clara counties. Its operations began in 1974 and have grown over the years to the largest food store in the region. It supplies food to nearly a quarter of the county population of which almost half of the supply is fresh farm produce. The organization purposely advices families about nutrition and health food selections. It concentrates on distributing food to low income people effectively and efficiently through direct service program and collaborating with a network of non-profit agencies. Some of its partner agencies are shelters, pantries, children’s program, soup kitchen, residential programs, and senior meal sites. Volunteers contribute their hours to perform free service at the organization and get a reward in form of food supplies. On return, these hours save on high costs of personnel recruitment. Such a practice enables the volunteer to practice justice by giving back to the society. I was in a position to understand the struggles other peoples undergo in life, learn how to interact with less fortunate like orphans in the society and how to handle difficulty situations when assisting others. Duties and responsibilities Data entry 68.50 hours Food sorting 39.50 hours Arranging emergency bags 6 hours Helping Second Harvest bank set up its launch 5 hours. Filing paper 4 hours Downloading music 4 hours creating labels for salads 4 hours Working with second food bank needs very little sophistication and mental effort since it did not demand any technical effort. The tasks were straight forward, no need for experience, but basic computer knowledge for data entry were necessary. The tasks involved less of mental energy but more of physical energy. This is beca use I could file papers manually, sort food as well as arranging emergency bags. For purpose of neatness, little mental effort was essential. The preparation of the organization launch needed a lot of time and good planning for it to come out successful and commendable. This is because the organization has many guests and partners therefore; this event took a lot of attention both mentally and physically. My internship at second Harvest food bank exposed me to the world of reality when executing tasks (Barbur et al, 2011). It gave me the opportunity to manage my work and time effectively, ensuring that every task is completed within the set time. I prioritized my work and allocated time according to tasks’ complexity and lengthy. It also gave me an opportunity to improve and practice my computer skills. Working with a computer enabled me advance my basic computer knowledge, learn new programs and even create an interesting working environment, as I could not get bored. The us e of computer made me appreciate the importance of new technology since I could enter data within short time, edit it, and retrieve information if necessary. The application of computer simplifies tasks since summaries are generated when necessary within the shortest time possible. Relating with people at work was my biggest opportunity to practice and enhance people and communication skills learned during my course work. I was able to resolve personal issues and conflicts between workers. It gave me the

Freedom of speech and expression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Freedom of speech and expression - Essay Example For the purpose of our essay we will mainly discuss two famous cases: Ozzy Osbourne's song "Suicide Solution"1 and Ice-T's "Cop Killer"2. We will focus on the aspects of the songs that caused such an outrage and we will try to replace the song in the cultural context to explain and understand their link with the freedom of speech and expression issue. In 1981 was released Ozzy Osbourne's first solo album "Blizzard of Ozz". This album included a song called Suicide Solution. The song was originally aimed to talk about alcohol as a deadly substance. The song was written by Osbourne after his friend Bon Scott, lead-singer of AC/DC, had died as a result of alcohol abuse. The word Solution should be understood as mixture and not as answer as we will see later. On October 26, 1984, during the night, John McCollum shot himself in the head with a .22 caliber handgun. He was 19 years old. It was reported that when he entered the room, the coroner found headphones on John's head. He had been listening for most of the evening to Ozzy Osbourne's albums "Diary of a madman" and "Blizzard of Ozz" in the living room. He then went in his bedroom, listened to Osbourne's album "Speak of the devil" and shot himself". The fo The following year, in October John's parents filed suit against Ozzy Osbourne and his record company CBS on charges of negligence, products liability and intentional misconduct, claiming that Osbourne's song had incited their son to commit suicide. The case was first dismissed on August 7, 1986, by The Superior Court of Los Angeles County. The McCollums appealed arguing that Osbourne's songs were containing themes such as satanic worshiping and death. They precisely targeted the song Suicide Solution because of his lyrics "suicide is the only out" and of supposedly masked lyrics not printed in the album as "why try, why try, get the gun and try it, shoot, shoot, shoot" The music was constitutionally protected as decided by the Court of Appeals which ruled that Osbourne's music could not be seen as a cause of the suicide. The first step of this decision was to declare that the music was protected by the First Amendment but then consider that freedom of speech is not absolute. An investigation was conducted by the court to explore the possibilities of Osbourne's music encouraging John McCollum's suicide. In regards of the Brandenburg test, the Court decided that Osbourne's music could not be accountable for the decision taken by McCollum. It is interesting to recall the declaration of the Court of Appeals: "freedom of speech is not absolute". When one shall consider that freedom of speech and expression must be considered as the possibility to declare anyone of his feelings, we will have to precise this interpretation. Alexis de Tocqueville, the philosopher, in "Democracy in America"3 explained that when a person expresses an opinion which may seem unpopular, he may be subjected to the rejection of his community. He qualifies freedom of speech as a civil liberty rather then a fundamental liberty. In Osbourne's case, we are directly confronted to that type of differentiation. He and his song are rejected because they do not fit with the common thoughts of what music -

THE IMPORTANCE OF NUTRITION FOR A HEALTHY LIFE STYLE Essay

THE IMPORTANCE OF NUTRITION FOR A HEALTHY LIFE STYLE - Essay Example Some cut back on the proteins, while others reduce the intake of carbohydrates in certain proportions. But according to the latest study published in The New England Journal of Medicine, the comparison of different diets shows that they are not only very difficult, their tastes buds are already immune to a pattern in which they cannot stay away from cheese burger, additives, pizza, candy or soda for very long, but also not successful in most cases (Parker, 2008). Thus failure of weight loss due to such diets leads people to believe that its it their fault they are overweight and hence has further negative effects on their lifestyle, for example loss of self confidence. The answer to such negative effects is not diets but instead a healthy lifestyle which may not make one very skinny but a person can enjoy a good healthy life. In opinion an additional advantage of having nutritional food over unhealthy food is that not only the consumption becomes less (since we won't eat packets and packets of Doritos), but also less expensive (organic food) and makes our lifestyle fit, our bodies stronger and lowers our health cost since we would be required to spend much time in the doctor's office or the hospital.

College drop-outs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

College drop-outs - Essay Example While there are certain behaviors that are overtly recognizable as racism and bullying, and are hence forbidden by the colleges, many more behaviors actually qualify as racism and bullying and are yet not easily recognizable as such. These days, immigrants make a significant proportion of students in colleges. They are subject to racism and bullying because of their cultural, religious, and ethnic differences from the native students. Native students also expose the outsiders to racism and bullying because of their xenophobia. Different students deal with racism and bullying in different ways depending upon their previous life experiences, personality and behavior in general. Some are too weak to take it and hence, consider dropping-out of colleges. This not only displays a lack of strength on the part of such students, but also reveals their short-sightedness as they tend to compromise upon something that would benefit them in the long run because of such menial challenges. Fees of highly reputable colleges and universities these days are sky-high. Many students have to work in order to finance their education. This is typically observed in the case of foreign students. They work along with studying to be able to afford their residence, and other expenses in addition to education in the host country. This definitely requires a lot of time and effort on the part of such students. Even if they find time to study in a part-time course, the physically and emotionally demanding jobs drain all energy out of them, thus leaving them very unmotivated to study. Many students eventually drop-out of colleges in order to be able to give more time to their jobs and earn money, what really matters to them. Many young people these days draw inspiration from computer giants and billionaire entrepreneurs. Education is required the most when an individual seeks employment, but to establish a business, higher education is not necessarily required. Such young people consider dropp ing out of the universities in an attempt to get on a fast track to a successful business. Names like Dell, Gates, and Jobs give star power to the myth of successful dropouts. â€Å"One recent New York Times homage to the phenomenon compared dropping out to "lighting out for the territories to strike gold," with one young executive describing it as "almost a badge of honor" among startup entrepreneurs† (Zimmer). This story, like all myths, has a kernel of truth. Sometimes, the determination, intelligence, and hard work of an individual fills the void created by lack of a college degree. But such cases are, more often than not, a matter of chance and fortune. Such successful entrepreneurs know the way to self-education in the required field, acquire bank loans, and manage their resources effectively. Besides, a network of family, acquaintances, and friends is there for help and support. It is insane to drop-out of college out of such inspiration because by dropping-out, the st udents are putting too much at stake. Students drop-out of colleges because of different reasons, three of which namely, racism and bullying, work-life imbalance, and inspiration from entrepreneurs have been discussed in this paper. Racism and bullying is experienced by students in colleges in general and by foreign students in particular. Some students drop-out of

Search and Seizure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Search and Seizure - Essay Example Searches and seizures are used to produce evidence for the prosecution of alleged criminals. The police have the power to search and seize, but individuals are protected against  Arbitrary, unreasonable police intrusions.† (http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com, 2011) The provisions under the search and seizure law are not uniform across countries. For example, some countries allow citizens the right to be free from what they deem to be â€Å"unreasonable search and seizure†. Often this right is derived from broader rights to individual privacy. In most cases of ‘search and seizure’, the police officers are required to possess a valid search warrant before they commence their operations. In the United States law, the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution states â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and Warrants shall not be issued, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.† (http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com, 2011) This amendment is rather brief, leaving jurors to bank upon precedence and previous rulings on similar cases to ascertain legality of a contested ‘Search and Seizure’ operation. Not only is the amendment brief, but it is also subjective and vague at places, leaving juries to read situations based on the spirit of the law as opposed to its actual stipulation. Moreover, although consent must be voluntary and essential before the procedure begins, there are no clear-cut tests through which it is obtained. As a result, the court will consider the ‘totality of circumstances’ in deciding if the consent was voluntary. The urgency of a particular case is also important, as it will help ascertain whether police officers could have afforded to waste time b efore the evidence gets hidden or disposed off by the suspect. It is a reflection of lack of comprehensiveness of the Fourth Amendment that such phrases as â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy†, â€Å"exigent circumstances†, â€Å"probable cause†, etc are used in court trials and during ‘search and seizure’ procedures. (Amsterdam, 1974, p.350) In the context of the United States, most ‘Search and Seizure’ operations occur as a way of checking illegal trafficking of drugs or suspicious transfer of huge sums of money. In the post 911 scenario, ‘search and seizure’ procedures are employed as a way of gathering intelligence to prevent possible attacks. For example, in a hypothetical scenario, the police may have been tipped about an impending terror attack, wherein the bombs are ticking and are hidden in a vehicle. In this case, it would be imprudent to consider the privacy rights and property rights of the owner of the car before locating and disposing of the bombs. Another common scenario where Search and Seizure procedure is carried out is to catch tax-evasion. The police, on a tip-off from the IRS, proceed to conduct a surprise raid on the premises of the suspected tax-evader, so that they could get hold of crucial evidence that stands contrary to the stated claims in tax returns. ‘Search and Seizure’ procedures come in conflict with rights to privacy and also rights to property. Hence, as a way of priming citizens toward this law, law

Paper on hotel rwanda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper on hotel rwanda - Essay Example Two peoples made up the greater portion of the population, the Hutus and the Tutsis. During the European rule the Tutsis were the privilege class, the Hutu were not. However, after the European influence departed, the region erupted in civil unrest. For 30 years the issues between the Tutsis and the Hutu escalated culminating in the Tutsi Massacres in 1994; approximately 1 million Tutsi and neutral Hutus were killed in only 100 days. A counter-offensive began that same year and a fragile government organization was managed in 1996. It might be hard to determine what is right and wrong in times like these. This horrible period of time is detailed in the film â€Å"Hotel Rwanda,† and that Paul Rosesabogina, the main character in the film, must survive. Paul works in the hotel where he is able to gain favor with influential guests and public figures. He is a Hutu, but he is not involved in the hate crimes being committed in the streets, his wife, Tatiana, is, in fact, Tutsi. As t he violence gets worse he begins taking in more and more refugees into the high class hotel, in hopes of protecting them and his family from the society crumbling around him and the violence right outside their doors. He wants the American Military to intervene, they will not. He wants the United Nations to step up; they were not quick to become involved. At one point he even attempts to blackmail the Hutu General when he cannot bribe him. In the end, Paul, his family, and the refuges find safety after crossing a Tutsi border.(Hotel Rwanda) In a time when ethics and morality may seem lost and ones internal compass might spin out of control given all of the factors present in the film, assigning a philosophical school of thought to Paul’s actions in Hotel Rwanda, given the only option between Utilitarianism and Deontology, is an interesting task. In order to approach that question it is important to clarify these two ethical perspectives. Utilitarianism, essentially, bases dec ision making on whatever is best for the majority group that causes the least amount of harm, which creates the means to universal happiness and least amount of pain; while the Deontological perspective focuses on one’s individual duties one owes to others.(McGill) One focuses on the greater good of the greater majority and the other focuses more on the individual. These ideologies could not be more different. While both have their strengths they, also, have their weaknesses. Utilitarianism worries of the potential negative consequences that could occur given any ethical decisions. Deontology bases the right and wrong upon the individual’s ability to make ethical decisions based upon a moral standard.(McGill) Strangely, some of Paul’s actions in Hotel Rwanda could be described using either school of thought, while others are completely divergent. Paul participates in â€Å"bribery† in order to gain favors. Many would say that this is unethical. However, f rom a Utilitarian perspective he is not unethical, he is only participating in behaviors that are common of the majority. Participating in majority practices is in essence maintaining â€Å"majority happiness.† From a Deontological perspective his â€Å"unethical’ bribery could be perceived as his ethical decision, or duty, to involve himself in the act in order to protect his family, and later the refugees. His individual duty he owes his family. When Paul switches from bribery to blackmail to get what he wants from the Hutu General,

How to Write a Visual Analysis Essay to Comic Essay “In As the World Burns” Essay Example for Free

How to Write a Visual Analysis Essay to Comic Essay â€Å"In As the World Burns† Essay In As the World Burns: 50 Simple Things You Can Do to Stay in Denial, authors Derrick Jenson and Stephanie McMillan create a clever comic essay to capture their youthful audience into imminent environmental issues. First published in 2007, their essay contains bantering between two young girls which engages the audience into a statistically dominated argument on how to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to save the planet. However, the statistics show that minor lifestyle changes will not have a lasting impact. Then, with input from many pleading species of animals and a native person, a resolution to change is decided upon. Big business, industrialism, over-population and a modern technical society are portrayed as the main problems. The authors present a strong message to future generations on environmental issues, using a comic style with young children as the main characters, native peoples and pleading animals, and repetition with emotional and ethical appeals to the readers. The authors use a comic style which is well suited to the intended audience. The girls’ bantering back and forth to solve the world environmental issues appeals to youth, through the knowledge of one girl and the idealism of the other. One is idealistic and the other a brainy one. The authors cleverly use children to get the message across of our environmental imbalance. In one scene’s caption the light hair girl says,† And the rich keep getting richer and the poor keep getting poorer. And it all keeps killing the planet†. Some may find that Jensen and McMillan’s pictures and text are simplistic and annoyingly over-done. The bantering and pleading may put-off some readers. This comic technique has not-so-subtle innuendoes of politics and anti-establishment. A good example of this is the cow who remarks â€Å"And recognize your real enemies: production, the system that requires, the people in power who keep it running.† The use of native people and pleading animals is also an effective technique. This is especially evident when a crow brings various species of animals to the discussion with the girls. A rapid succession of pleas are written, a good example is a heron saying, â€Å"Fight with all your heart† and a toad’s exclamation of â€Å"It may even be too late.† These statements conjure-up emotions due to the visual impacts and words on the reader. The native person suggests that their land should be returned to them, in its original, pristine state. The third part of the author’s message is delivered through repetition and emotional appeal. Through the voices of children and soon to appear various species of life, the pleas are unrelenting and repetitive. People like children and animals; this is a good avenue to gain immediate attention to the audience. The anxiety of simply living in today’s world is brought forth by the authors in the girls’ reaction to giving up their standard of living in these statements: â€Å"We don’t know how to live without these things.† and â€Å"We’ll die without them†. These examples are one way that the authors pull the audience into an emotional state of guilt. Authors Jenson and McMillan successfully deliver an environmental message using a comic style with young children, pleading animals and native people, and a repetitive, emotional appeal. The criticisms of government and politics are craftily woven into the essay especially for the desired audience. The tone of this essay is emotional and authoritative; only if the reader does what is suggested by the animals will the world survive. The repetition of the animals’ emotional pleading has a lingering effect on its readers. How can one resist pleading animals? The essay’s ending makes the reader feel that there is acceptance by all parties of the need to change and all will be in harmony. The author’s succeed in communicating a message of hope: we can save the planet if we work together in harmony with nature. Jenson and McMillan’s essay did a fine job in communicating their thoughts and imparting the urgency of our need to change our behaviors for the environ ment now. Examples of  Thematic Essay on StudyMoose Visual Analysis Essay Examples Steps Helping to Write the Visual Analysis Essay Visual Analysis Essay

Indian Premier League Marketing Case Study

Indian Premier League Marketing Case Study Cricket is just one of those many sports which was conceived by the English and perfected by the world; the Indian Premier League is just an extension of this phenomenon. The Twenty 20 format was invented in England in 2003 but it really took off when the master strategist that is Lalit Modi took it upon himself to take this format a step higher into crickets first franchise based sports event. In late June 2007 Lalit Modi who was then Vice-President of the Board of Cricket Control for India spoke to Andrew Wildblood of the International Management Group (IMG), a company with a vast experience in the whole area of sports management. IMG and Lalit Modi then sat down to discuss this model and finally came up with the idea that is the IPL in its current format. The idea behind creating city based teams was based on the model present in sports in US and UK. IMG designed the IPL after an intensive study of the primary sporting leagues around the world such as the NHL, NBA, NFL and EPL. They examined the theoretical models and also the result and impact of each of these leagues before arriving at the final blueprint. As in most other areas, there were at least as many learnings from the shortcomings and weaknesses as there were in the strengths and benefits mapped to the individual market contexts. What has finally emerged as the IPL design is one that has been meticulously refined to work for cricket.The league structure has been modeled so as to flourish in the uniquely Indian context, and drive the development of grassroots talent in Indian cricket. The idea had all the ingredients to be a success. The best cricket players of the world, fans from around the world and a dollop of glamour due to the presence of Bollywood celebrities, corporates and Indian politicos. The IPL was the first of its kind sports extravaganza of its kind, prior to this India has been fed a steady diet of 50 overs and test cricket. This kind of model which is common in the west but a first of its kind in India provided many new avenues for all the stakeholders. The grand old game of Cricket has undergone several makeovers in its history. Test cricket was followed by 60 over one dayers which later became 50 overs. The all white strip of the 70s gave way to the colored clothing and day-night matches of the Kerry Packer era. The Twenty 20 format which originated in England was devised to bring back the crowds in English County Cricket. The game in England was going through a major crisis and the introduction of T20 was instrumental in bringing a much needed dose of excitement in the game. Once again English were left to marvel as the sport they had created in their own backyard was spun into the Great Indian Tamasha by Lalit Modi and his comrades. Commercialization of IPL: Indian Premier League (IPL) has defined a new set of paradigm to do business in the Indian landscape. This was bound to happen someday, looking at the craze for the cricket in this country. IPL is not a yet another cricket extravaganza but an event where money is spun around with many different angles and huge stakes are involved in it. IPL has corporatized cricket in a unique way. It has added a new dimension of marketing and branding the sport in India. IPL is a business which has big economy of scale. India has seen the success of different businesses and the organizations or entrepreneurs running them and now it is the turn of IPL. Overall IPL itself has become a big brand under the leadership of Top management and it is a matter of interest that how it has been done as compared to the failure of its rival league ICL. The Value Positioning of IPL is Fast and Quick Entertainment Which has its own pros and cons according to the test and 50-50 Over Cricket Fraternity. The Making of the Franchises: The biggest USP of the Indian Premier League is that, here the teams are run and managed by various corporate houses or Bollywood celebrities. The owners of the teams went through a bidding procedure to buy the teams and after that, the cricketers were also put up forauction. The managements of the teams took part in the auction and bid for their desired cricketers, with a view to make their team the strongest one among all others. Cricketers from around the world, including the Indian cricketers were put up for auction. The BCCI actually followed the format of England`s most popular football event, the Barclays English Premier League (EPL) for governing the rules and regulations of the Indian Premier League (IPL). Right from the ownership of the franchises to the games themselves, IPL saw an exciting cocktail of Cricket, Bollywood and Business Barons. The people involved in buying these franchises were the whos who of Bollywood and Indian Business Houses.The winning  bidders  for the eight  franchises  were declared on 24 January 2008.   The total base price for the auction was US $400 million but the auction went on to fetch US $723.59 million.On March 21, 2010,  Pune  and  Kochi  were unveiled as the two new franchises for the fourth edition of the Indian Premier League. The base price this time around was $225 million. While Pune was bought by Sahara Adventure Sports Group for $370 million, the Kochi franchise was bought by Rendezvous Sports World Limited for $333.3 million. The process was to have been completed on March 7 but was postponed by two weeks after many bidders and the  BCCI  objected to stiff financial clauses. The second franchise auction fetched total $703 million. This auction brought a lot of attention towards the IPL for the alleged involvement of Union Cabinet Minister ShashiTharoor . His involvement in trying to tip the scales in the favor of a particular consortium created much furore in the media Open Auction for Individual Players: Highest bidder becomes the buyer. Each player has a base annual fee which is on a pro-rata basis depending on his availability. Each IPL franchise has a max limit to spend on bidding for players. Franchise Owner(s) Captain Price (USD) Price (Rupees) Mumbai Indians Mukesh Ambani  (Reliance Industries) Sachin Tendulkar $ 112.9 m Rs. 441 Cr Royal Challengers Bangalore Vijay Mallya  (UB Group) Anil Kumble $ 111.6  m Rs. 440 Cr Deccan  Chargers Deccan Chronicle  (Venkat Ram Reddy) Adam Gilchrist $ 107.0   m Rs. 422 Cr Chennai Super Kings India Cements  (N.Srinivasan) Mahendra Singh Dhoni $ 91.90 m Rs. 359 Cr Delhi Daredevils GMR Group( G.M Rao) Gautam Gambhir $ 84.0 m Rs. 331 Cr Kings XI Punjab Ness Wadia  (Bombay Dyeing),  Priety Zinta, Mohit Burman (Dabur) and Karan Paul (Apeejay Surendera Group) Kumar Sangakkara $ 76.0 m Rs. 300 Cr Kolkata Knight Riders Red Chillies Entertainment  (Shahrukh Khan,  Gauri Khan,  Juhi Chawlaand  Jai Mehta) Saurav Ganguly $ 75.1 m Rs. 296 Cr Rajasthan Royals Emerging Media (Lachlan Murdoch, A.R Jha and Suresh Chellaram), Ultra tech cements, Shilpa Shetty, Raj Kundra Shane Warne $ 67.0 m Rs. 264 Cr Pune Sahara Adventure Sports Group TBD $ 370 m Rs. 1702 Cr Kochi Rendezvous Sports World Limited TBD $ 333.3 m Rs. 1533 Cr Economics of IPL Television rights and sponsorships: The IPL is predicted to bring the BCCI income of approximately  US$1.6 billion, over a period of five to ten years. All of these revenues are directed to a central pool, 40% of which will go to IPL itself, 54% to franchisees and 6% as prize money. The money will be distributed in these proportions until 2017, after which the share of IPL will be 50%, franchisees 45% and prize money 5%. The IPL signed up  Kingfisher Airlines  as the official umpire partner for the series in a  Rs.  106 crore (1.06 billion) deal. This deal sees the Kingfisher Airlines brand on all umpires uniforms and also on the giant screens during  third umpire  decisions Television rights: On 15 January 2008 it was announced that a consortium consisting of  Indias  Sony Entertainment Television  network and  Singapore-based  World Sport Group  secured the global broadcasting rights of the Indian Premier League.  The record deal has duration of ten years at a cost of US $1.026 billion. As part of the deal, the consortium will pay the BCCI US $918 million for the television broadcast rights and US $108 million for the promotion of the tournament.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  This deal was challenged in the Bombay High Court by IPL, and got the ruling on its side. After losing the battle in court,  Sony Entertainment Television  signed a new contract with BCCI with  Sony Entertainment Television  paying a staggering  Rs.  8700 crores for 10 years. Sony-WSG then re-sold parts of the broadcasting rights geographically to other companies. Below is a summary of the broadcasting rights around the world. On 4 March 2010 ITV announced it had secured the United Kingdom television rights for the 2010 Indian Premier League. ITV will televise 59 of the 60 IPL matches on its ITV4 free to air channel. Sony charges Rs 4-5 lakh per 10 seconds, (top soaps charge Rs 1.5 lakh per 10 seconds). According to Television Audience Measurement (TAM), the average Television Rating Points (TRP) of the first 14 matches in Season 1 was 4.97; in Season 2 it was 4.52, and in Season 3 its grown to 4.69. If IPL-1 reached 77 million people in the first 14 matches, IPL-2 went to 96 million and IPL-3 is at 108 million. The ratings have also raised team earnings. Winning Bidder Regional Broadcast Rights Sony/World Sport Group Global Rights,  India ONE HD Free-to-air HD and SD television in  Australia. Owned by Network TEN. Sky Network Television New Zealand  broadcast rights PCCW Hong Kong  broadcast rights, broadcast on Now Sports. StarHub Singapore  broadcast rights, broadcast on Cricket Extra. Astro Malaysia  broadcast rights on Astro Box Office Sport. SuperSport South Africa,  Central Africa  and  Nigeria  broadcast rights. Arab Digital Distribution Middle East  broadcast rights on ADDs  CricOne. Broadcast to  United Arab Emirates,   Bahrain,   Iran,   Iraq,  Jordan,  Kuwait,  Lebanon,   Oman,  Qatar,   Palestine,  Saudi Arabia,  Syria,  Turkey, Algeria,  Morocco,  Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan,  Libya  and  Nigeria. GEO Super Pakistan  broadcast rights Willow TV Rights to distribute on  television,  radio,  broadband  and  Internet, for the IPL in North America. DirecTV United States  Exclusive broadcast rights on Cricket Ticket. Asian Television Network Canadian  broadcast rights. Aired on Pay-per-view channel. Aired on  XM Radios ATN-Asian Radio  as well. Sports Max Caribbean  broadcast rights. ITV United Kingdom  broadcast rights, broadcast on  ITV4. Sponsorships: Indias biggest property developer  DLF Group  paid US$50 million to be the title sponsor of the tournament for 5 years from 2008 to 2013.Other five-year sponsorship agreements include a deal with motorcycle maker Hero Honda worth $22.5-million, one with PepsiCo worth $12.5-million, and a deal with beer and airline conglomerate Kingfisher at $26.5-million. Revenue and Profits: The UK-based brand consultancy, Brand Finance, has valued the IPL at $4.13 billion in 2010.  It was valued at U$2.01 billion in 2009 by the same consultancy. There are disputed figures for the profitability of the teams. One analyst said that four teams out of the eight made a profit in 2009.]While the London Times said that all but  Kings XI Punjab  made a profit. In 2010, the IPL expects to have 80 official merchandising deals. It has signed a deal with  Swiss  watchmaker Bandelier to make official watches for the IPL. Official IPL applications: DCI Mobile Studios (A division of Dot Com Infoway Limited), in conjunction with Sigma Ventures of  Singapore, have jointly acquired the rights to be the exclusive Mobile Application partner and rights holder for the Indian Premier League cricket matches worldwide for the next 8 years (including the 2017 season). Recently, they have released the IPL T20 Mobile applications for  iPhone,  Nokia  Smartphonesand  Blackberry  devices. Soon it will be made available across all other major Mobile platforms including the  Android,  Windows Mobile,  Palm   others. How Does IPL make Money? Auction of broadcasting rights. Title sponsorship and corporate sponsorship. Sale of Tickets (20% allocated to IPL). Auction of Franchisee rights. Official Umpires sponsorships. How is the Income Distributed? Share of the broadcasting money with franchisees. Share of the sponsorship money with franchisees. Share of ticket money with franchisees. Inauguration expenses. Prize Money. Sources of Income for an IPL Franchise (ROI) Share in revenue from the broadcasting rights. Share in the sponsorship money. Share in revenue from the sale of tickets. Revenue from In-stadium Advertising. Sale of Players to other franchise. Revenue from own sponsorship and corporate sponsorship. How is the franchise income distributed? Franchisee fees: 10% of the total franchisee costs every year to IPL. Players cost. Match fees and Inauguration expenses. Rent of Stadium. Marketing and promotional cost. Fees for coaches, physiotherapists and other members. Administrative cost. Franchisees can earn profit in IPL as Team owners get 80% of broadcast revenues, 60% of sponsorship revenues, 100% of team sponsorship revenues, 80% of ticket revenues, 87.5% of all merchandising revenues, and 100% of all hospitality revenues. Brand Finance, which came out with IPL brands latest valuation at $ 4.13 billion, said that the brand alone has risen significantly, providing tremendous economic value to its owner, BCCI. Although the English Premier League is valued much higher at $12 billion, the IPLs valuation has risen above $4 billion in just three years, Brand Finance pointed out. Indian Premier League would generate revenue of $1 billion this season, thanks to huge fan following across the globe, attracting a large number of advertisers. Indian Premier Leagues brand value has more than doubled to $4.13 billion (over Rs 18,000 crores), while Chennai Super Kings has emerged the most valued franchise this year, says a study. Ranked fourth last year, Chennai Super Kings led by MS Dhoni has moved to number one with a valuation of $48.4 million, followed by Shahrukh Khan-owned Kolkata Knight Riders ($46 million) and Shilpa Shettys Rajasthan Royals ($45.2 million). The valuation of teams pale in comparison to the IPL brand itself, which has more than doubled from last years $2.01 billion. The individual franchisees have also seen a fair amount of uplift in value since last year. Vijay Mallya-promoted Royal Challengers Bangalore is ranked fourth this year with a valuation of $41.9 million and is followed by Nita Ambani-owned Mumbai Indians ($40.8 million), Delhi Daredevils ($40.5 million), Kings XI Punjab ($36.1 million) and Hyderabad Deccan Chargers at the bottom with a valuation of $34.4 million. Consider this. Chelsea, one of the wealthiest, most powerful football clubs in Europe the Premiership giants, who were bought by Russian oligarch Roman Abrahmovic for  £140 million (Rs 966 crores) in one of the most high-profile takeovers in international sport in 2003, would appear a mid-table struggler if compared to the  £246.35 million (Rs 1,702 crores) Sahara splashed out to buy the Pune team. While it is almost certain that Rendezvous Sports pumping in money for a Kochi-based T20 franchise sounds the death knell for Keralas traditional favorite, football, at Rs 1,533 crores, the cricketing venture heads both Chelsea and Liverpool, which was taken over by US ice-hockey team owners George Gillett and Tom Hicks for  £219m (Rs 1,511 crores) in February 2007. It should be noted that seven seasons ago, the Russian oligarch was paying the amount he did for an established brand, one that was almost a century old, while the Indians paid these astronomical sums merely to gain entry into what is still a fledgling venture, which recently began only its third season. THIRD SEASON VALUATION: The crowds are swelling, with experts estimating a 25 per cent jump in gate money. In Season 1, higher-end ticket sellers like the Mumbai Indians and Delhi Daredevils earned Rs 15 crore each. Gate money for bigger franchises could hit Rs 20 crore this season. The gross revenues from gate money, television advertising and sponsorships on an IPL double-header day, industry experts say, could touch Rs 40 crore. Marketing Strategy: IPL The DLF Indian premier league is a concept sell. It is clearly observed that IPL is a perfect example of controversy marketing Strategies: Auctioning the franchisees. Auctioning the players participating in the IPL tournament. Advertisements on various TV and radio channels. Cheerleaders were one of the most important thing that is talked about, foreign girls attracted huge crowd. Worldwide telecast. Locations: the venue chosen for the cricket matches was a strategic choice of places which are named after franchisees, which helped attract people. Conflicts with some media partners and some other cricket boards again demanded the attention of people. Timing: IPL has shown its strategic application of intellect by choosing the evening time for the matches, which made people watch game comfortably. ICL: the rival ICL had been one of the reasons for the publicity and emergence of IPL. People started comparing the IPL ICL that caused the huge publicity for the IPL Opening ceremony gala, Live Concerts. Franchises taken by film stars like Shahrukh Khan, Pretty Zinta and JuhiChawlaetc are the center for attraction, which made some Bollywood stars come for the game. Use of models and Bollywood stars for anchoring and promotion of teams like Akshay Kumar for Delhi daredevils, Shahrukh khan for Kolkata Knight Riders. The commentators were not less than PROs, use of phrases that pleased sponsors and made them pay more. Example: for every six it was a DLF Maximum, for every special moment it was city moment of success. Advantages and Disadvantages Players: Advantages Disadvantages Earn at least Rs 80 Lakhs ($200000) or more per season on average. Due to the tight schedule of international cricket, Chances of injury lowers the tenure of career. Bonuses and Prize Money from Team owners. Neglecting other forms of cricket A great stage to show case skills and compete with the best in the world. Fast game. Stamina and patience to build an innings and bowl tirelessly to get wickets is lost. The top 4 highest earning international cricketers are Indians, with the captain, Mahendra Singh Dhoni, leading the way with annual earnings estimated at US$10m, Tendulkar at US$8m, Yuvraj and Dravid earning in excess of US$5m. Franchise: Advantages Disadvantages Using the cricket property to promote other businesses. Financial Loss if the IPL fails to take off. Prize money if the team wins. Franchises Pays the team and financial costs i.e. Cost of acquisition. They earn from the share in revenue from IPL. Promotional expenses have to be paid by franchises. They also pay the franchisee fee e.g. RCB has to pay $11.16m p.a. for 10 years. Sponsors: Advantages Disadvantages Spot rate charged from advertisers of IPL. Spot Rate may go down if any IPL season is not a blockbuster. Improves customer base. Too much reputation at stake tied to the fortunes of the franchise teams as a whole. Sponsors get branding and recognition. BCCI: Advantages Disadvantages The BCCI makes good money solely from the sale of TV rights, promotion and franchises. May forget to put efforts to promote other forms of cricket Domestic and Test Cricket. Got a great source of revenue. Viewers: Advantages Disadvantages Unlimited Masti and entertainment. Chances of family fights over Channel viewer ship. A great arsenal to make the case strong against the Saas Bahu fans in the family. Capital costs in terms of additional investment in television sets. A very good reason to increase productivity in office Return home by 8 pm.

Air quality in guangzhou

Air quality in guangzhou 1. Introduction Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong Province , is going to hold the 16th Asian Games in November 2010. Athletes and couches coming from 45 countries and regions will participate in the Asian Games which last for more than two weeks. Strongly competent as a host city (Table 1), Guangzhou is famous for its natural scenario of Baiyun Mountain and Pearl River, for its food and beverages, and for an enjoyable lifestyle. Thanks to the event, Guangzhou is now under the spotlight and attracts even more attention from both home and abroad. Table 1 Quick facts of Guangzhou (Guangzhou International 2009) Name Guangzhou / Location Southern China Climate type Subtropical monsoon climate Area 7263 km2 Population (registered residents, 2008) 7.8 million GDP per capita (2008) 11,696 USD However, there is still suspicion about the air quality of Guangzhou. Whether it can sufficiently manage the problem air pollution remains a concern. In 1970s-1980s, manufacturing industry served as an important driver for the development of Guangzhou. Nowadays, exhaust gas of automobiles has become the major source of urban air pollution (He 2009). As a result, atmospheric pollution is not a new problem for the city. To tackle this problem, the municipal government has adopted a series of approaches. It announced to invest 600 million RMB (88 million USD) to lever a total of 2.4 billion RMB within two years to tackle air pollution, and 123 factories were moved or shut down in 2009 because of their heavy pollution to the air. (Yuan 2009) Most importantly, the government issued a three-year plan (2008-2010) with detailed, quantified criteria and clearly defined responsibility is to coordinate collective action to reduce air pollution (Guangzhou Municipality 2008). In such context, this report attempts to review and analyze the recent state of air pollution in Guangzhou, as well as to evaluate its health impact on human. In the end, the report seeks to assess Guangzhous capability hold the Asian Games with satisfactory air quality. 2. Air Pollution in Guangzhou The following figure (Fig. 2) summarizes the state of air in Guangzhou for the last ten years. From 2000, severity of air pollution began to increase, and reached its peak around 2004. Since then, air condition in Guangzhou started to improve and became much better recently. According to a recent analysis (PRDAIR 2009), most part of Guangzhou has reached Grade II in terms of Regional Air Quality Index, or RAQI (Fig. 3), which means concentration of all pollutants are generally within Grade 2 of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Note: several data points for 2000 and 2009 are missing here due to inaccessibility. Considering the representativeness and accessibility of data, this report choose SO2, NO2 and respirable suspended particulates (PM10 or RSP) as main indicators for air pollution in Guangzhou. Thanks to the citys environmental protection website which reports atmospheric information and data since 2000 (GZEP 2010), enough though not abundant data can be achieved and traced back to specific monitoring stations in the city. It should be noticed that unlike the PRDAIR research result above, the air quality data here are recorded in terms of Air Pollution Index (API), which is based on absolute concentration (e.g. mg/m3). Among these 10 monitoring stations, locations of five of them can be identified in public online mapping system (Google Maps). Considering that the Asian Games is going to be held in November, the report selected monthly average air quality data for November from 2000 to 2009, and present them with station mapping information SO2. Strong policies have greatly reduced SO2 emission, especially restricting policies on heavy industry factories. One most visible example is that 147 polluting firms in the old city centre had been either moved or shut down from 1998 to 2005. In addition, public and private investments in desulphurizing facilities for factories, heating and cooking have also decreased SO2 pollution. (Zhou 2008) By the year of 2009, SO2 concentration monitored at all the five stations are below 50, which reaches Grade II regarding the national air quality grading system. NO2. Reduction in NO2 emission is less significant than that of SO2. In Guangzhou, exhaust of automobile is the main source of NO2 emission (Zhou 2008). Despite the policy which completely bans motorbike from entering central urban area since 2007 (Guangzhou Municipality 2004), NO2 concentration increased again in 2009 after a short-term drop in 2008. Restricting motorbikes has not contributed much to overall NO2 reduction, because people enjoying an increasing income may shift from motorbikes to cars. Moreover, emission from local industry is not controlled as strictly as that of SO2 emission, which also offset the effect of motorbike ban. (Zhou 2008) PM10. Pollution of suspended particulates is relative severe. Even the lowest average level monitored (at Station 4) is above 50. PM10 is a secondary pollutant, and its generation can be traced back to automobile exhausts and industrial activities in the city (He 2009). In 2009, count of days with haze for the first half of year was 96, while for the second half was 14. It is believed that this abrupt decrease is related to aftermath of global financial crisis—reduced manufacturing activity and logistics activity. Though level of PM10 pollution in Guangzhou is lower than many Asian cities (GZEP 2010; ADB 2006), it is as high as three times of the guideline standard of World Health Organization (WHO 2006). In fact, PM10 is closely related to respiratory diseases, which is among main concerns of public health in Guangzhou. Its impact on human health will be examined in the next section. 3. Health Impact of Air Pollution On average, one person takes in 15 m3 of air per day (He 2009). Clean air is thus essential to human health. By 2008, annual average concentrations of NO2 and PM10 have both exceeded the WHO air quality guideline level, and PM10 concentration is slightly above WHOs interim target (GZEP 2010; WHO 2006). According to data from GZEP (2010), PM10 is the major pollutant of air pollution. Moreover, it has the primary health impact on human respiratory organs. A study shows that the harm done by pollution of particulates on body is comparable to that by cigarette smoking (ALA 2009). This might contribute to the fact that rate of lung cancer has not significantly decreased although rate of cigarette smoking in Guangzhou is largely reduced (He 2009). In the short-term, pollution of particulates can be severe, or even death. Besides coughing and wheezing, asthma and dysfunction of lung may also be caused by exposure to particulate pollution. Previous researches have strengthened the relation between short-term to many public health problems. Hong et al. (2002) observe a positive link between increased PM concentration and stroke mortality in Seoul, Korea. Another research in Gaoxiong, Taiwan also implies the relation of particulate pollution with occurrence of strokes (Tsai et al. 2003). Long-term, or chronic exposure to particulate pollutants has significant health impact. According to Pope (2000), long-term particulate pollution can result in one to three years of human life shortening. Health impact of chronic air pollution can be seen in many ways in everyday life of Cantonese people, particularly in elder Cantonese people. Lung cancer has become a common disease in Guangzhou. In 2008, Dr. Nanshan Zhong, director of Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, discovered through operations that lungs of Cantonese above 50 years old were usually â€Å"black†, even if they did not have lung diseases (He 2009). But one needs to notice that this phenomenon is related to previous rather than present status of air quality in Guangzhou, because it is common only in the above-50 age group. 4. Conclusion: Ready for the Asian Lungs? Venues and infrastructure are being built. Personnel and volunteers are being trained or have already start working. Guangzhou is definitely making an effort to welcome the quests for Asian Games. But whether the air in Guangzhou is ready for the Games remains unclear. On one hand, the problem of air pollution in Guangzhou have caused severe public health problem, and does not have a simple solution. Past research also shows that air quality is worse in winter and spring than in summer and autumn (PRDAIR 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009). These have all given rise to health concern and may potentially undermine the 16th Asian Games. However, on the other hand, environmental monitoring data indicate that air quality in Guangzhou is improving, and Guangzhou Municipality has implemented a strict air quality management plan with clearly defined responsibility for specific departments. It is also considering some of the successful strategies taken in Beijing Olympic Games 2008. (Guangzhou Municipality 2008) Judging from previous successful experience of SO2 emission reduction and Olympic Games, the new implementation plan seems promising. Therefore, it is still difficult to determine whether Guangzhou will be able to manage its air quality to a satisfactory level and provide the Asian Games with clean air. But regarding the governments strong will to tackle air pollution, it is possible that air pollution could be managed for the Asian Games, but it is highly likely that most of the pollution reduction would be temporary rather than sustainable, and air pollution would slightly rebound after the Asian Games. References American Lung Association (ALA). 2009. State of the Air 2009. New York: Hard Copy Printing. Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2006. Urban Air Quality Management: Summary of Country/City Synthesis Reports across Asia. Philippines: Asian Development Bank. Google Maps. URL: http://maps.google.com. [consulted 3 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou Development District Planning Bureau (GDDPB). 2007. ‘Map of Guangzhou after Adjustment. URL: http://ghj.luogang.gov.cn/old/zcfg/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=60. [consulted 5 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou Environmental Protection (GZEP). 2010. Online environmental information reporting and searching services. URL: http://www.gzepb.gov.cn/was40/api/. [consulted 3 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou International. ‘Facts, official website of Guangzhou Municipality. URL: http://www.gz.gov.cn/vfs/web/gzeng_new/Facts.html. [consulted 3 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou Municipality. 2004. Announcement on restricting motorbikes in parts of urban area. Suifu [2004] No. 11. 2008. 2008-2010 air pollution in the implementation of comprehensive improvement plan. Guangzhou. He, L. D. 2009. Cheng shi kong qi wu ran diao cha: Guang zhou zen me le [Survey on urban air pollution: what has happened to Guangzhou?]. Xinmin Weekly, 16 Apr 2009. Hong, Y., Lee, J., Kim, H., Ha, E., Schwartz, J. and Christiani, D.C. 2002. Effects of Air Pollutants on Acute Stroke Mortality. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(2): 187-191. Pope, C. A. 2000. Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biological mechanisms and whos at risk? Environ Health Perspect 2000(108): 713-723. Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network (PRDAIR). 2005. A report of Monitoring Results in 2005. Report Number: PRDAIR-2005-1. 2006. A report of Monitoring Results in 2006. Report Number: PRDAIR-2006-2. 2007. A report of Monitoring Results in 2007. Report Number: PRDAIR-2007-2. 2008. A report of Monitoring Results in 2008. Report Number: PRDAIR-2008-2. 2009. A report of Monitoring Results for the Period between January and June 2009. Report Number: PRDAIR-2009- Tsai, S.S., Goggins, W.B., Chiu, H.F., and Yang, C.Y. 2003. Evidence for an association between air pollution and daily stroke admissions in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Stroke 2003(34): 2612-2616. World Health Organization (WHO). 2006. WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide (Global Update 2005). Switzerland: WHO. Yuan, D. 2009. Guang zhou tou 6 yi zhi kong qi wu ran [Guangzhou invests 600 million against air pollution]. Nanfang Daily, 6 Jul 2009. The RAQI, used by governments of Guangdong and Hong Kong to jointly report regional air quality, is a composite indicator for measuring the aggregate level of SO2, NO2, ozone and respirable suspended particulates (PM10). The higher the index value, the higher the regional air pollution levels. The index value is in positive relation to the higher the regional air pollution levels. (PRDAIR 2008)

Comparing Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, Edward Thomas’ And As the Team’s Head Brass, and the film Hedd Wyn :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, Edward Thomas’ And As the Team’s Head Brass, and the film Hedd Wyn The wars of the Twentieth century have had a marked impact on the views and actions of societies all across the world. The impacts of World War I can be viewed vividly through the literature of the time period. In this period, each author had his or her own way of illustrating the effects of the war on their public. Three works dealing in particular with this representation are: â€Å"As the Team’s Head Brass† a poem by Edward Thomas, â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† a novel by Virginia Woolf, and the film â€Å"Hedd Wyn.† These three works illustrate a common ground in general, of their representation of war, but each offers a particular emphasis of the impact of WWI in Europe more vividly. In the common realm, each work illustrates that every member of society was affected by the war. Each of these works detail a society in which the general tone is a somber one, a tone plagued by worry over the loss of loved ones, and the inability to understand the meaning of the destruction of the war. These three works illustrate the representation of war from three types of people. First, there are the people who had no direct contact with the war themselves, though perhaps a loved one or a friend of theirs may have died, they were not directly involved. The attitudes of those characters that were not directly involved in the war are distinctly different from those who have returned from participating in the war. Those not directly involved in WWI paint a much less terrorizing representation of the war than those who fought in it. In the last group are those who died fighting in the war. The impressions that war left on this group of people are illustrated through the letters and poems that they wrote during their time in the war. These last two groups represent war in a similarly dark fashion. In Mrs. Dalloway, we are exposed to the general conscious of the London community through a variety of characters; most of them are members of the first group, those who were not directly involved in the war. Most of these characters are depicted as interested in getting on with their lives.

Lupus Essay -- science

"Lupus" Systemic lupus erythematosus, or simply lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease or immune system malfunction. A person's immune system normally protects the person from viruses, bacteria and other foreign materials. When a person has an autoimmune diseases like lupus, the immune system turns against itself and attacks itself. Lupus does not have a known cause, and because of that it has no known cure. The exact cause of lupus is unknown, but scientists suspect that it is likely to be a combination of factors, people who contract lupus are probably genetically predisposed to lupus, and know that environmental factors such as infections, antibodies, ultraviolet light, extreme stress and certain drugs play a critical role in triggering lupus. Managing lupus is different from person to person. Individuals with lupus can usually live a normal life span. Medications are usually prescribed to patients, although treatment is not required at all times, but most patients will undergo some treatment. Some medications that are often prescribed for people with lupus are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, corticosteroids, antimalarials and immunomodulating drugs. The treatment goal for lupus is to stop the immune system from attacking & destroying vital organs. Another popular treatment for lupus is simply exercising and eating right. Since we have no known cause of lupus, you cannot prevent it. It is sometimes referred to as a chronic diseas...

The Seven Principles For Making a Marriage Work :: essays research papers

The Seven Principles For Making a Marriage Work   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Seven Principles For Making Marriage Work there are seven myths and seven real truths about marriage. The first myth is that neuroses or personality problems will ruin a marriage. The truth about that myth is that we all have our crazy buttons or issues we’re not totally rational about, but they don't necessarily interfere with marriage. The key to a happy marriage isn't having a "normal" personality, but finding someone with whom you get along with. The second myth is that common interests keep you together. The truth is that it is a plus to have common interests with someone, but is all depends on how you interact with the other person while pursuing those interests. The third myth is the saying "You scratch my back and .....". The real truth about this myth is that it is only a truly unhappy marriage where this quid pro quo operates, where each partner feels the need to tally up things the other partner did. Married couples should just do things f or one another because it feels positive to them and their spouse. If you keep score in marriage it shows there is an area of tension in your marriage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another myth that is shown to us in this book would be that avoiding conflict in a relationship will ruin your marriage. The truth about this myth is that couples simply have different styles of conflict. Some avoid fighting with their spouses at all costs, some couples fight a lot, and some can find a compromise with out ever having to raise their voices. No one of these styles is better for the other it's just a matter of which style works for both spouses. The fifth myth that is portrayed is that affairs are the root cause of divorce. The truth is that problems in marriage which send couples on a path to divorce also tends to lead to one or both of the partners resort to an intimate relationship outside of marriage. Eighty percent of divorced men and women said their marriage broke up because they gradually grew apart and lost a sense of closeness, or because they did not feel loved or appreciated. The sixth myth that is talked about is that men are not biologi cally "built" for marriage. The truth is that among humans the frequency of extramarital affairs does not depend on the gender so much as the opportunity.

Distinguish between the processes of erosion and weathering in an area undergoing glaciation

Erosion is defined as the removal and transport of earth materials by natural agents and can be split into two main categories. Abrasion (or corrasion) is the glacier's use of angular debris, held by the ice, to scrape away at the underlying rock. Evidence of this in an area undergoing glaciation are scratches on rock known as striations. Plucking involves the glacier freezing on to blocks of rock and pulling them away. Meltwater will assist in this plucking process: pressure builds up behind a protrusion of rock and so causes melting. The meltwater penetrates any cracks and freezes around the rock (regelation) which is then pulled out by the glacier. Weathering is similar to erosion in that it includes the breakup of rocks, just not the transportation of the materials formed as does erosion. The specific definition of weathering is the breakup of rock due to exposure to the atmosphere. The weathering of a rock by freeze-thaw action (or frost shattering) may break up rock in periglacial conditions before glaciers advance. At the early stage of corrie formation freeze-thaw action and possibly chemical weathering will weather rock beneath the accumulating patch of snow (the process of nivation). During glaciation, meltwater will give rise to freeze-thaw action at the base of the glacier. Examine the impact of glacially eroded landforms on human activity â€Å"The impact of glaciation on human activity has been considerable both in lowland and highland areas. † (David Jones and Lawrence Kimpton 2000). This question focuses on how human activity has been affected by glacial erosion. The most recent glacial period began approximately 30,000 years ago and ended 10,000 years ago. At its peak 29% of the Earth's surface was covered by ice in comparison to 10% covered today. Sea level fell by at least 100 m and the beach was as much as 150 km further east along the Atlantic coast, thus forming land bridges between North America and Asia, which allowed for the migration of animals and humans to previously glaciated areas. Glacial eroded landforms include the features horns (pyramid shaped peaks), arites (knife shaped ridges), cirques (a bowl shaped depression found in mountains), erratics (boulders), valleys, tunnels and lakes. These landforms have affected human activity in various ways, including tourism, communications, farming and settlement and industry. Many upland areas that experienced the effects of prolonged glacial erosion during the Pleistocene have become important centres of tourism. Highland areas both those glaciated in the past and those with glaciers remaining today, are major areas of tourism because of the spectacular scenery and their suitability for winter sports. The Cirque-arete-trough landscape attracts hill walkers, scramblers, climbers, mountaineers, photographers, botanists, skiiers, snowboarders, hang gliders, painting, canoeing, sailing etc. In Britain, the Highlands of Scotland have become an important centre for summer holidays and winter skiing, whilst the National Parks of Snowdonia, the Lake District and Peak District are visited by millions of tourists each year. Areas such as the Lake District are increasingly popular for short weekend breaks. The attractions of these areas for tourism owe much to the effects of glaciation. The sharply defined peaks, deep U-shaped troughs and numerous lakes are all impressive landform features and provide these uplands with their attractive scenery. The rugged landscape appeals to many weekend hill walkers and mountaineers. The lakes which provide a range of activities -sailing, canoeing, swimming- and possess their own pleasant climates have become important centres of tourism. Large scale winter tourism is promoted in the Alps and similar locations by the existence of permanent snowfields and the heavy winter snowfall. Aviemore is one of the largest winter tourism centres in Britain with several ski runs on the upper slopes of the Cairngorms. Communications are also affected by glacially eroded landforms. Glaciated valleys offer natural routeways through high mountain landscapes and lower areas e. g. the Mohawk Gap that leads to New York. Settlement and Industry can hug the glacial trough floor, which often provide transport routeways. Many aspects of transport and communications -by land, sea and waterways -have been affected to a considerable degree by glacial action. In many upland areas, glacial breaches and troughs often form the only routeways suitable for communication by land. This situation is exemplified in the Highlands of Scotland where communications links by land north, and west of the Glen More are extremely difficult. Much of the land surface lies over 1000 metres above sea level, and consists of rugged mountains with steep, precipitous slope and badly drained moorlands. The presence of numerous lochs and fjords, hemmed in between high mountains, has effectively prevented any significant north-south routes being developed, even along the coast. Glacial breaches across the major watersheds form the only realistic routeways. Only two railway lines traverse the region -from Dingwall to Kyle of Lochalsh via Glen Carron and from Fort William to Mallaig via Lochs Eil and Ailort. All of the road links between Glen More and the west coast rely on glacial breaches which connect westwards and eastwards facing troughs. Glaciated highlands with high snowfalls present hazards such as avalanches. As the pressure of development increases, as in skiing areas, the impact of avalanches on people and settlements becomes greater. They are caused when the snow pack is destabilised suddenly by a loss of cohesion between naturally forming layers in the snow. Glacially eroded areas can lead to a channelled avalanche by which the avalanche progresses down a gully. Avalanches can block roads and railways, cut off power supplies and telecommunications and under extreme conditions, destroy buildings and cause loss of life. Therefore, glacially eroded landforms have impacted human activity, leading to management programs. For example Juneau, in Alaska, has a high avalanche risk. Many houses and businesses lie in the direct path of known avalanche routes and thus the various management schemes as seen above were discussed, and some put in place to protect the now habituated area. However, avalanches only present problems to certain areas. Slopes, for avalanches to occur, are usually greater than 22 degrees but less than 60 degrees, beyond which point it is unlikely that any significant snow pack will build up. Avalanches also tend to occur more often in spring when the temperatures rise and the snow pack has been accumulating all winter. Prosperity can be gained from the industrial development available due to glacially eroded landforms. Glacially eroded landforms offer scope for HEP production, with their steep, deep valleys for storage and rock lips providing sites for dam construction. Hydroelectric power (HEP) is the most widely used renewable form of energy. Although globally it accounts for only 6 percent of all electricity generated, in some countries it provides much more. Norway, for example, produces 96 percent of its electricity from HEP. The scale of HEP schemes varies enormously. In some Alpine villages, small HEP generators supply the power for a single house or hotel. At the other extreme, large HEP stations feed directly into the UK national grid. The advantage of HEP is that running costs are very low and power is instantly available. The main disadvantages are that initial building costs are high, the visual impact might damage the scenic value of a landscape, and the demand for energy is often some distance away. The positive impact of this on human activity can however have some negative impacts. Some ecological damage is also caused if the migratory routes of fish, such as salmon, are blocked. Fish ladders are sometimes built to avoid this problem. Also, when water passes through HEP schemes, the effect of the vertical drop can be to increase the amount of dissolved oxygen and nitrogen in the water. This can be harmful to fish, causing gas bubble disease. HEP in Britain is mostly generated in the glaciated uplands of North Wales, Cumbria and the Scottish Highlands. This is, because, firstly, mountain areas receive the highest rainfall in Britain. For a successful scheme to operate there must be a, reliable supply of running water otherwise the turbines will not turn. Secondly the physical relief is favourable. Glacial troughs, steep stream gradients, hanging valleys and lakes provide the ideal conditions. If natural lakes do not occur, glaciated valleys are relatively cheap to dam because they tend to be narrow and steep sided. Water which is used for HEP is not wasted, it then carries on down the valley. If the valleys are dammed, and the shape of the glacial troughs makes this very straightforward, then the water can be collected and sent to cities in areas of the country where there is perhaps not as much rain as in the highland areas. Glaciers impact human activity here by provide drinking water direct in some areas: rivers like the Rhine and Rhone are fed from glaciers. There is a fear that they may dry up if global warming melts the Alpine glaciers. People in La Paz, Bolivia have water from nearby glacier as public supply. People in the Rhone valley channel glacial meltwater to irrigate their crops. Llyn Peris is a moraine dammed overdeepened ribbon lake, and provides water for Llanberis in N. Wales. Lake Vyrnwy in mid Wales occupies a glacial trough which was flooded in 1889 by building a dam across the valley. Glacially eroded landforms affect human activity both positively and negatively. Avalanches expose inhabitants of the area to great risk, however, they still choose to live there. The positives include tourism, an industry which at present day is thriving and the attractions of these areas owe much to the effects of glaciation. HEP power provides areas with renewable energy and areas with drinking water and natural routeways are provided by glacial erosion.

What is the purpose of the agency?

The purpose of the Arizona Medical Board is â€Å"to protect public safety through the judicious licensing, regulation and education of all allopathic physicians† (Arizona Medical Board, 2013). This means that the physicians in Arizona are monitored by the Medical Board for the sole purpose of protecting the public. What services does the agency perform? The Board is responsible for investigating patient complaints against physicians and when appropriate, taking disciplinary action against their licenses. This means that if a patient has a complaint about a specific doctor or a medical facility, the Board will review the complaint and then investigate the situation. Appropriate discipline will be administered, ranging from practice restrictions to revocation of their licenses. How does the agency maintain the integrity of the profession? The agency maintains the integrity of allopathic physicians (MD) by making sure their practices are ethical and safe. They pay attention to any complaints that are made, and they investigate them to the best of their ability. They make sure that the physicians are not risking or causing harm to themselves, their patients, or their practices. If or when the Board gets wind of a problem with a physician or facility, they waste no time before they investigate. Whom does the agency support? The agency supports the public. Their main focus is making sure that the public has access to competent health care professionals that are capable of providing safe, effective services to their patients. Identify education, licensure, or certification requirements. Physicians who have graduated from an approved medical school are required to have one year of training in an approved hospital internship, residency or fellowship program. Physicians who have graduated from an unapproved medical school are required to have 3 years of training in an approved hospital internship, residency or fellowship program. Physicians are required to complete 40 credit hours of Continued Medical Education during the two calendar years preceding biennial renewal. To become bored certified, a physician must take and pass an oral and written examination given by the American Board of Medical Specialties in a particular field of expertise or specialty. The Arizona Medical Board does not automatically give a license to a physician just because they have a license in a different state. They are still required to become licensed in Arizona (Arizona Medical Board, 2013).

Analyse different types of business information and their sources Essay

Verbal communication is communicating a message verbally to whoever is receiving the message. An advantage of verbal communication is the opportunity for immediate feedback to make sure the message was understood. Another advantage is the opportunity to utilize nonverbal cues (tone, body language, inflection). These can apply to Barclays because it’s important for Barclays to receive immediate feedback which they can go on and improve on the Business. Also, Barclays will understand the message that is being given verbally even more clear because they’ll understand the body language of the person that is giving the message. A disadvantage of verbal communication is that the communication or message that was put across is not recorded (unless a video camera is used), this means that if there are any types of miscommunication such as an employee getting rude to a customer, there’s a high possibility that it won’t be recalled again. Another disadvantage of verbal communication is that it is harder to communicate around the world. These apply to Barclays because Barclays has to make sure that there verbal communication towards customers or employees are made clear meaning that they would have to outcome the disadvantage. Also, Barclays has many customers/employees around the world, this means that this is a disadvantage to them as it would be harder to communicate seeing as customers in other countries would be speaking a different language, meaning that Barclays would have to come up with a solution in order to ease verbal communication around the world. Written Communication Written communication means communication by means of written symbols either printed or handwritten. Advantages of written communication are that it is more accurate (errors can be corrected or content approved). Another advantage is that a physical record of the communication is made. These can apply to Barclays because Barclays has to make sure that their communication is as clear as it gets for their terms & conditions pages, and written communication makes this easy for them as there is a high possibility that they won’t make mistakes. Another way these benefit Barclays is that when there is written communication made, there is a physical record of the communication meaning that there won’t be any mistakes in communication between the employees and customers, also customers can refer back to these  communications. A disadvantage of written communication is that written communication takes more time and is more expensive to prepare because of printing letters about outstanding loan payments which leads to higher costs because of the printing and stamps to send these letters. Also, another disadvantage is that there aren’t any types of immediate feedback. These can apply to Barclays because Barclays rely on time and don’t have much of it which means that they have to decrease the amount of written communication. Barclays mostly rely on feedback, with written communication there isn’t immediate feedback meaning that this would be a disadvantage for Barclays. Multi-media/ On-screen Information Multi-media/ On-screen Information is media on new technologies such as text messaging. This can apply to many companies in today’s society. An advantage of Multi-media communication is that the information can be spread to a lot of people at one time. This applies to Barclays because they usually have many meetings, and in them meetings they can use a projector showing a presentation which allows all members in the meeting so see. Another advantage of Multi-media communication is that it’s cheaper to use. This applies to companies like Barclays, instead of Barclays sending information via a paper based system which costs more; they can distribute information to their customers through multimedia communication. A disadvantage of multimedia communication is that many of the elderly in today’s society may not know how to work and understand the technologies used in today’s society. This applies to Barclays because Barclays may use text messaging to their customers and some of their customers may be elderly people. Another disadvantage is that not all people in the world have access to multimedia communication. This applies to Barclays because Barclays now provide services of online banking, and text messaging to their customers, however not all of their customers may have access to multimedia communication meaning that Barclays would still have to use a paper based system for some of their customers which leads to more expenses seeing as it is expensive to maintain. Web-based Information Web-based information shows many benefits of multimedia technology. With the  fast broadband connections in today’s society, it is possible to stream sophisticated content to a computer anywhere in the world. A significant amount of interactive multimedia content is now delivered via the internet through web-sites such as www.barclays.co.uk. This is an advantage for many people and businesses as the information can be received and read wherever and whenever it is convenient for the person/business. This applies to Barclays because they can send information to their employees from anywhere which can be read by the employee at any given time. Another advantage of web-based information is that it is easier to distribute information through it. This applies to Barclays because if Barclays is to have a change into how the business operates and needs to inform their employees, they can easily distribute the information on the web to their employees. A disadvantage of web-based information is that not everyone can access the web. This applies to Barclays because Barclay’s employees may need some information from Barclays on any new information or changes to Barclays, however some of employees may not have access to web based information meaning that Barclays will have to distribute information through paper based information. Another disadvantage of web-based information is that it can be led to misinterpretation. This applies to Barclays because if information is distributed to customers/employees, because it’s through a web based service, the customers or employees may not understand it properly. One other disadvantage is that if the systems of Barclays crashes, it could mean that customers would not be able to access the website. This leads to unpleasant customers whom may write complaints to Barclays. Internal Sources of Information Internal sources of information are those which can give valuable information regarding the organization from within. For example, a business like Barclays can give new employees an insight of information regarding how the business operates. An advantage of internal source is that the information is most likely to be accurate because the source of the information is from within the company its-self which is reliable. Another advantage of internal source of information is that it can be shared amongst other departments and created analysed by experts with in that type of field. For example, financial reports are created and analysed. Disadvantages of internal  sources of information are that it can be costly to produce, for example many people are employed on a specific job to just collect and analyse data. This means that this could actually be cheaper for external companies to do it for them instead. External Sources of Information External sources of information is secondary research, for example if a business like Barclays wanted to find out information about one of their competitors such as Santander, but Santander doesn’t want to pass any information out to Barclays, Barclays would then ask a different organisation to collect as much information about Santander. Pros of secondary research is that the information already exists meaning that this will save time. Another pro is that it is usually cheaper to get secondary research instead of primary research which will save company money. Cons of secondary research are that in some cases, it is usually expensive as well (scanner data). You may have less control over how the data was collected. With secondary research, there could also be biases in the data that you don’t know about. Also another con of this is that the answers may not exactly fit in your research questions. This applies to Barclays because if Barclays was to require information ab out their competitors, they’d refer back to a different organisation to find this information out.